Abnormal Psychology Flashcards
What are the stages of the Sexual Response Cycle?
- Desire Phase
- Excitement Phase
- Orgasmic Phase
- Resolution Phase
Explain the Desire Phase of the Sexual Response Cycle.
Becoming sexually attracted.
What are the sexual disorders that revolve around the Desire Phase?
- Sexual Interest/Arousal Disorder in Women
* Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder in Men
Explain the Excitement Phase of the Sexual Response Cycle.
Blood flow to the genitalia and breasts (aka tumescence)
What are the sexual disorders that revolve around the Excitement Phase?
- Erectile Disorder
* Genito-pelvic Pain/Penetration Disorder
What is the definition of Substance Use Disorder?
Problematic pattern of use that impairs functioning with 2 or more symptoms within a 1 year period.
What are the symptoms of Substance Use Disorder?
- Failure to meet obligations
- Repeated use in situations where it is physically dangerous
- Continued use despite problems caused by the substance
- Tolerance
- Withdrawal
- Substance taken for a longer time or in greater amounts than intended
- Efforts to reduce or control use do not work
- Much time spent trying to obtain the substance
- Social, hobbies, or work activities given up or reduced
- Continued use despite knowing problems caused by substance
- Craving to use the substance is strong
What is the etiology for Substance Use Disorder?
- Biological: Very inheritable (esp alcohol dependency)
- Psychological: Mood alteration, expectations regarding use, and personality factors (neuroticism, anxiousness)
- Environmental: Culture and society
What are the general treatments for Substance Use Disorder?
- Detox
* Therapy
What types of therapy is used with clients with Substance Use Disorder?
- Increase social support
- Group treatment
- AA
- Contingency Management
- Motivational Interviewing
- Moderation in drinking
- Family therapy/couple therapy
- Residential treatment
What are the CNS depressants?
- Alcohol
- Marijuana
- Benzodiazapines
- Barbiturates
- Opiates
What are the long term effects of alcohol use?
- Neurodegenerative effects (IQ drop, memory loss)
- Cirrhosis of liver
- Pancreatitis
- Reduces acid output of stomach
- Kidney problems
- Raises blood pressure
- Avitminosis (deficiency in vitamins; B vitamin in alcohol use)
What are benzodiazapines used for?
Treatment of anxiety (Valium); very addictive
What are barbiturates used for?
Treatment of anxiety (no longer used because of super addictive quality)
What are opiates used for?
Treatment of pain (morphine, oxycodone, heroin)
What are the general effects of opiates?
Rush, euphoria; lasts for brief period of time
What happens during an overdose of opiates?
Heart stops and blood pressure slows
What are the CNS stimulants?
- Cocaine
- Amphetamines
- Methamphetamines
What are the long term effects of CNS stimulant use?
- Paranoia
- Suspicious behavior/thoughts
- Aggression
- Possible delusions/hallucinations
- Increased heart rate/blood pressure
- Heart attacks
- Serious brain damage with meth
What are the short term effects of marijuana use?
- Makes drowsy
- Raises heart rate
- When by itself, does not cause aggression (THC causes aggression)
What are the long term effects of marijuana use?
- IQ drops
- Changes in cognition
- Changes in motor skills
- Shrinkage of testes
- Reproductive issues in women
- Damage to lungs
What are the medical uses of marijuana?
- Nausea asw chemo
* Treats glaucoma
What are the hallucinogenic drugs?
- LSD
- PCP
- Ecstasy (MDMA)
What is the tolerance with LSD?
Develops rapidly, but once you quit, tolerance goes away withing a few hours
What are the characteristics of PCP?
- Horse anesthetic
- Different effects at different dosages (people get more dangerous as dosages increase)
- Makes people very strong
What are the negative effects of hallucinogenics?
- Bad trips
* Flashbacks
What are naturally occurring hallucinogenics?
Mescaline & Psilocybin
What are inhalants?
- Aerosol
- Markers
- White-out
- Gasonline
- Much more…
What are bath salts?
From China, don’t know what’s in them
What are the effects of performance enhancement drugs (steroids)?
- Masculinizing effect
- Increases testosterone in body
- Reproductive issues
- Aggression
- Possibly paranoia and crazy
_____ is diagnosed when a person eats non-nutritive substances such as chalk (unless it’s culturally ok).
Pica
_____ is diagnosed when a person • Chews something up, swallowing it, forces it back up, and chews it again.
Rumination Disorder
* Could be gastrointestinal disorder
Rumination disorder is comorbid with:
Mental retardation, autism
A person who restricts their food intake is diagnosed with:
Avoidant Restrictive Food Intake
Avoidant Restrictive Food Intake could be comorbid with:
Anorexia Nervosa
What are the symptoms of Anorexia Nervosa?
* Restriction of food to promote healthy weight; body weight is significantly below normal * Intense fear of weight gain * Body image disturbance
What percentage of those diagnosed with Anorexia Nervosa recover?
50-70%; 10% remain symptomatic; 7-8% die from disorder
What is difference b/w someone w/anorexia (binge-purge subtype) and someone who binges/purges?
The person with anorexia will continuously lose weight, the bulimic does not.
What are the symptoms of bulimia
* Recurrent episodes of binge eating * Recurrent compensatory behaviors to prevent weight gain, for example, vomiting * Body shape and weight are extremely important for self-evaluation
What are the negative effects of bulimia?
- Can erode esophagus, teeth, and stomach lining
- Can dehydrate you
- Can cause constipation
What are the two sub-types of bulimia?
Purging and Non-purging (non-purging uses laxatives or exercise)
What are the two sub-types of anorexia?
Restricting & Binge-Purging
What is Binge Eating Disorder?
Binge eating without purging behaviors.
What are the symptoms of Binge Eating Disorder?
- Reported binge eating episodes
- Binge eating episodes include
at least three of the following:- eating more quickly than usual
- eating until over full
- eating large amounts even if not hungry
- eating alone due to embarrassment about large food quantity
- feeling bad (e.g., disgusted,
guilty, or depressed) after the
binge
- No compensatory behavior is
present
What is the etiology of eating disorders?
- Genetics: Play a role (unk how much)
- Cognitive: One’s self view, substantial role
- Environmental:
- Learning/Modeling
- Personality (tends to be perfectionist, shy, compliant, organized, bright)
- Family (in anorexia clients - tends to be strict, controlling, enmeshed, and possible abuse) (in bulimic clients - tends to be disorganized and chaotic)
- Sociocultural factors
What treatment options are used with eating disorders?
- Medication: For bulimia & Binge/Purge, anti-depressants (depression is comorbid); will not treat underlying disorder
- Anorexia: Family Therapy (hit or miss): goal to gain weight
- Bulimia: CBT (works well): Overall goal is to establish healthy eating patterns
What are the stages of the Sexual Response Cycle?
Stage 1: Desire Phase
Stage 2: Excitement Phase
Stage 3: Orgasm Phase
Stage 4: Resolution Phase
Describe Stage 1 of the Sexual Response Cycle.
Stage 1: Desire Phase: Becoming sexually attracted
- Sexual Interest/Arousal Disorder in Women
- Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder in Men
Describe Stage 2 of the Sexual Response Cycle.
Stage 2: Excitement Phase: Blood flow to the genitalia and breasts (tumescence)
- Erectile Disorder
- Genito-pelvic Pain/Penetration Disorder
Describe Stage 3 of the Sexual Response Cycle.
Stage 3: Orgasm Phase: Have an orgasm
- Female Orgasmic Disorder
- Delayed Ejaculation Disorder
- Early Ejaculation Disorder
Describe Stage 4 of the Sexual Response Cycle.
Stage 4: Resolution Phase: Returning to normal after orgasm
What are the Desire & Arousal Disorders?
- Female orgasmic disorder: difficult to reach orgasm
- Delayed ejaculation disorder
- Early ejaculation disorder
What is the Sexual Pain Disorder?
- Genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder (both men and women)
What are the reasons for human sexual inadequacy?
○ Performance Fears: Fears about sexual performance
○ Spectator Role: Becoming so self-conscious about performance that you begin to pay attention to it as it happens
What are the treatments for Sexual Dysfunctions?
- Couples Therapy, anger management, anxiety reduction, changes in attitudes and thoughts
Medication - Viagra and Cialis are not the be all end all for erectile dysfunction
- Issues with long-term erection (more than 4 hours, go to ER or permanant tissue damage occurs after 6)
- Should be combined with therapy
Define Paraphilia
○ Sexual attraction to unusual activities or inanimate objects
§ Very common
§ Comorbidity among paraphilia’s is very high
Define Fetishistic Disorder
Sexual desire towards an inanimate object or non-genital body part
Define Transvestic Disroder
Crossdressing
Define Pedohebephiliac Disorder
Sexual desire towards prepubescent children
- Most often siblings
- Done usually due to ease of access (not because of attraction to children)
Define Voyeuristic Disorder
Arousal when watching unsuspecting others undress or have sex
- Usually watching younger women
- Usually more interested in observing then masturbating while visualizing what they just saw
- Not interested in physical contact
Define Frotteuristic Disorder
Exposing one’s genitals to an unwilling stranger
- Not interested in contact
- Interested in exposing themselves and running away
Define Sexual Sadist Disorder
Experiencing sexual arousal through infliction of pain
Define Sexual Masochistic Disorder
Experiencing sexual arousal through receiving pain or humiliation
What is the etiology of Paraphilia?
Not really sure
List the treatment options for paraphilias
- Aversion Therapy
- CBT
- Comprehensive Treatment Programs
What is Megan’s Law?
Law that prohibits sexual offenders from returning to locations where they were arrested. Also allows police to publicize offender whereabouts.
What is the new term for Mental Retardation?
Intellectual Development Disorder
What are Externalizing Disorders?
○ Disorders that are primarily behaviorally manifested
- ADD
- ODD
What are Internalizing Disorders?
○ Disorders that are primarily internally manifested
- Depressive and anxious features
- PTSD primarily internal but also external
What are the general effects of Asthma?
Emotional features and stress do not cause asthma, but can effect asthma
What are the symptoms of ADHD?
- Hyperactivity
- Up and down
- Fidgety
- Blurt out responses
- Does not respond to rules
- Disorganized
- Don’t respect personal space
- Restlessness (in adults)
- Attention-Deficit
- Careless mistakes
- Not listening well
- Not following instructions
- Easily distracted
- Forgetful in daily activities
- Have a lot of trouble with sequential learning
- Math
- Miss steps and detail
What are the three versions of ADHD?
- Predominantly inattentive type
- More girls than boys
- Can make children look intellectually dull even though they’re very capable
- Predominantly hyperactive-impulsive type
- More boys than girls
- ADHD Combined type
- Most commonly diagnosed
What is ADHD cormorbid with?
- Conduct Disruptive Disorders □ ODD □ Conduct Disorder - Anxiety Disorders - Depressive Disorders - Learning Disabilities - Tourette's Syndrome
What are the treatments for ADHD?
- Stimulant Meds have a paradoxical effect (calms and focuses) on children (Ritalin is best)
- Behavioral Programs
What are the effects from taking too much ADHD meds?
Rapid heart-rate, blood pressure, stop growing in children
What is the etiology of ADHD?
- Genetics: Runs in families
- Environmental Toxins
□ Lead exposure & nicotine during pregnancy
What are the conduct disorders?
Oppositional Defiant Disorder & Conduct Disorder
What is Oppositional Defiant Disorder?
- Must be across at least 2 settings
- Extremely oppositional and extremely defiant
□ Extreme aggressiveness - Distinguished from conduct disorder
□ Being a pain in the butt but not breaking the laws
What is Conduct Disorder?
- Involves law-breaking and violation of age-appropriate rules, rights of others (personal and property), sexual promiscuity, substance abuse
- One of most difficult disorder to treat
What are the treatments for conduct disorders?
□ Parent Training (how to manage kids)
□ Multi-Systemic Therapy
- Very popular
- Know this
- Take a team of people and “gang up” on them
- Regular therapy (once a week, short term) does not help at all
Needs to be long term and daily, but there’s a chance it won’t help
What is the etiology for conduct disorders?
- 0% of kids with Conduct Disorder started out with ODD
- Very few kids with ODD become Conduct Disorder
- 50% of kids with Conduct Disorder end up with Anti-social Personality Disorder
- Seems to be 2 versions of conduct disorder-one that does not have ASPD, and one that has ASPD
- Parenting issues, parenting style, modeling, inconsistent parenting, genetics but mostly environmental
What are the treatments for anxiety and depression in children?
Cognitive interventions that are appropriate for the age
What are the controversies with children and mental disorders?
○ Stimulant meds
○ Diagnosis of bipolar disorder
-Now disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
○ Possible over diagnosis of ADHD
○ Anti-depressant medications
Black box label that informs about possible suicidal ideation as result of using those meds
Define dyslexia
A reading disability
Define Dyscalculia
A disability in calculations
How is Intellectual Disability Disorder assessed?
- Be assessed on an individualized intelligence test (Stanford Binet, Weschler, Kaufman) (below 70)
- Assessment of subnormal adaptive functioning on a measure of adaptive functioning (Vineland scales) (
- Must be assessed with these under the age of 18
Can mental retardation (IDD) be reversed?
No, but you can work with them and training on how to work around their disability
What is the etiology of Autism?
- Old sperm (old men fathering children)
- Unsure where it comes from
What is the difference b/w Autism and IDD?
- IDD has depressed abilities across board on IQ test;
- Autistic kids may have low full scale IQ, but higher scores on visual/spacial abilities or single skills (numbers, music…).
- You can have autistic kids that aren’t IDD)
What is Autism?
□ Ritualistic behavior
□ Relationships with inanimate objects but not with people
□ Plays with one item over and over again with no interruption
□ Aggressive behavior (biting, pinching, hair pulling)
What are the treatments for Autism?
- Work with child Lobass - works with autistic children and parents (very intensive 25-40 hours a week for several years) and brought IQ up to normal range
What are the different conditions that cause IDD?
Downs Syndrome, PKU, fragile X syndrome
What types of anxiety are specific to kids?
Seperation anxiety and elective mutism
What are the medical concerns with children?
Will stop taking bc of side effects; suicide risk
What are the infant characteristics in Autism?
Not socially responsive, doesn’t like to watch faces, pushes away comfort, not as communicative, not as verbal
What is Asperger’s Syndrome?
□ Milder Autism; displays social/communicative deficits of Autism but not IQ issues
- Can’t maintain eye contact
- Klutzy socially
- Turns back to people when people are talking to them
- Don’t understand sarcasm/humor
- Not something they aren’t trained it, they just come into the world this way
What is Rhett’s Syndrome?
□ Only girls
□ Normally developing child until 2 years of age, then regression in everything
□ Severe mental retardation
□ UNK etiology
What is Schizophrenia?
Disturbances in thought, emotion, and behavior-disordered thinking, in which ideas are not logically related
What are the positive symptoms of Schizophrenia?
- Positive
□ Delusion (strongly held belief that is not true) of Persecution & Grandeur
□ Hallucinations
What are the negative symptoms of Schizophrenia?
- Negative
□ Avolition: Lack of motivation or interest
□ Alogia: Reduced verbalization
□ Anhedonia: Loss of pleasure
□ Blunted affect: Lack of outward expression of emotion
□ Asociality: Withdraw socially
What are the disorganized symptoms of Schizophrenia?
- Disorganized Symptoms □ Derailment □ Pronoun reversal □ Mimicking □ Ideas of reference: incorporating unimportant events within a delusional framework and reading personal significance into the trivial activities of others.
What are the four types of symptoms in schizophrenia?
Positive
Negative
Disorganized
Movement (Catatonia)
What is Shizoaffective Disorder?
Symptoms for both schizo and a mood disorder are present; lasts for less than 30 days
What is Schizophrenaform Disorder?
Symptoms for both schizo and a mood disorder are present more than 30 days, less than 6 months
What is Attenuated Psychosis Syndrome?
Less severe presentation of delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech in past month occurring at least once/week.
What is the etiology of schizophrenia?
Genetic: There is a profound genetic underpinning to schizophrenia - runs in families very much so
Biology:
- The mother getting the flu, measles, viruses, pollutants during pregnancy
□ Symptoms may not manifest until CNS develops to a certain point, which is why we don’t see this disorder in childhood
- Neurotransmitters
□ Dopamine (most prominent), many meds for this deal with dopamine
- Brian structure
□ Enlarged ventricles (an open space in the middle of the brain), meaning there has been atrophy of brain tissue
□ Prefrontal cortex and surrounding area most active in those with schizo
What is the treatment for schizophrenia?
MedicationAnti-psychotic meds to get rid of psychotic features (can’t get rid of those in counseling)
□ First generation: Haloperidol, Thorazine
- Worked well on positive and disorganized behavior but not on negative symptoms
- Tardive Dyskinesia: Movement symptom, involuntary mouth, tongue, jaw movements
- Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome: blood pressure goes up, muscular issues, can go into coma and die
- Weight gain, loss of sex drive
□ Second generation: Clozapine, Risperdal, Seroquel
- Works almost as well on positive and a little better on negative
- Must get blood test frequently because you can develop blood leukemia
- Can cause extrapyramidal symptoms: Parkinson-like symptoms
- Weight gain, loss of sex drive, Diabetes, Pancreatitis
Therapy
- Special skills training: manage interpersonal situations, social norms
- Cognitive therapy: have client evaluate hallucinations to see if they’re real or not
- Case management: getting people where they need to be to make medical appointments, not homeless, arranging services for them
- Family therapy: Education about disorder; reduce express emotion (too much tension) in house.
- Team approach
What is the definition of Personality Disorder?
Experience difficulties with their identity and their relationships in multiple domains of life, and these problems are sustained for years. The symptoms of personality disorders are pervasive and persistent.
○ Relative to identity, relationships, that create either [distress or impairment] and are long-lasting
Personality Disorders are comorbid with?
Other personality disorders
What is Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder?
reoccupied with order, perfection, and control (extremely rigid perfectionism)
What is the difference between Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder and OCD?
Someone diagnosed with OCPD is best described as perfectionistic, orderly, difficult to change but is not involved in the obsessive and ritualistic impulses.
What is OCPD comorbid with?
Avoidant Personality Disorder
What is Avoidant Personality Disorder?
Social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and fearful of being judged/criticism/embarrassment, so they avoid interactions with other people
○ They probably want to be social, just afraid to be
○ More severe than social anxiety disorder
○ Extremely distressing and/or impairing
○ Possibly grew up in very critical environment
What is Dependent Personality Disorder?
Someone who feels dependent on other people to an extraordinary extreme (defer all decisions, avoids making decisions)
What is Narcissistic Personality Disorder?
Grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy, disdainful of other people, denigrate other people’s accomplishments (self-centered, arrogant, not empathic)
What is the etiology of Narcissistic Personality Disorder?
Suggest that it comes from very deeply ingrained feelings of inadequacy, but unknown
What is Schizotypal?
Defined by unusual and eccentric thoughts and behavior (psychoticism), interpersonal detachment, and suspiciousness.
○ Wants to be by themselves but also bizarre behavior (looks like a mild version of schizophrenia)
○ Can have illusions (little things in world around them reference them specifically)
○ Under stress, these people may become psychotic (clear researched link to schizophrenia)
What is Borderline Personality Disorder?
- Instability in relationships
- Instability in mood
- Instability in self image
Most common to come into clinics
What is the etiology of BPD?
Research indicates that a client with BPD will most likely have an abusive background (any type of severe physical/sexual abuse)
What is the treatment of BPD?
Dialectical Behavior Therapy (Marsha Linehan): Accepting them as they are then working with them slowly over time to change
What is Antisocial Personality Disorder?
Involves a pervasive pattern of disregard for the rights of others. The person with APD is distinguished by aggressive, impulsive, and callous traits.
Diagnosis
- Antagonism, characterized by manipulativeness, deceitfulness, callousness, hostility, lack of empathy
- disinhibition, characterized by irresponsibility, impulsivity, and risk taking.
Psychopathy refers to…
Inner thoughts and feelings, where APD refers to mostly outside behavior
What is the etiology of APD?
Antisocial parents, substance abusing parents, kids coming out of abusive homes
What is the treatment for Avoidant features?
Exposure treatment
What is the treatment for OCPD features?
They have to want to work on it and think it’s an issue, then you have to have them work on the perfectionism.
- Mess up something for a short period of time and then not touch it for a wee
