Career Counseling Flashcards
Career Counseling History
One of the first forms of counseling
People still use the Newspaper as their first information gathering effort on career
Students in primary schooling desire career guidance and career direction becomes more
firm during college and after.
Underemployment
Working for a job that you are overqualified for (have more experience or education than necessary)
Guide for Occupational Employment
Published by the Department of Labor and lists groups of jobs in 14 areas
Compensatory Effect
Workers make up for their shortcomings in jobs
Spillover
When a person engages in work related activities during their leisure time
Recency Effect
Rater Judgments relying on the most recent performance
Leniency/Strictness Bias
Tendency for raters to polarize ratings (no middle range ratings)
Central Tendency Bias
Tendency to rate people in the middle range
Strong Interest Inventory
Measures interests not abilities.
Holland
Based on the idea that interests prompt job satisfaction
Occupational Outlook Handbook
Published by the Department of Labor, Revised every two years, now available online
Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT)
Published by the Department of Labor, gives jobs a 9 digit code, first 3 digits are occupational category and divisions, middle three stats on data, people, and things, final three alphabetizes titles
Dual Career Family
Two incomes from two primary caretakers.
Have a higher income.
Have less leisure time
Trait and Factor Theory
Trait-and-Factor Theory – also known as actuarial or matching approach, matches worker and work environment and was developed by Parson’s and Williamson, utilizes testing, matches the client once, doesn’t look at lifespan development
Parsons
Father of Vocational Guidance
Wrote the book “Choosing a Vocation”
Created Trait and Factor Theory with Williamson
Three Steps to Trait and Factor
Knowledge of self, aptitudes, and interests
Knowledge of jobs and their advantages and disadvantages
Matching the individual with work
Williamson
Minnesota Viewpoint
-Utilizes the use of the Minnesota Occupational Rating Scales
Anna Roe
Personality approach due to the theory that career satisfies/impacts the unconscious
Utilized fields (job type like service, technology, science, outdoor, etc.) and levels (skill like professional, skilled, unskilled, etc.)
Believed that a parent’s parenting style would impact whether the child would want to work with/be near people or away from people
Utilizes Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs – job should meet most urgent need
Also incorporated a view of genetics, needs, education, interests, and intelligence in developing career choice
Bordin
Believed the unconscious impacted career development
Difficulties with career choice is seen as a neurotic issue
Crites
Researched Career Maturity
Tiedman and O’Hara
Decision-Making Theory – person goes through periods of anticipation, implementation, and adjustment
Krumboltz
Social Learning Theory based
Incorporates behavioristic model
Gelatt
Created the Gelat Decion Model – focused on information which is organized into three systems predictive (probably alternatives), value (preferences for outcomes), and decision (rules and criteria for evaluation) Brill
Utilized a psychoanalytic prospective
Murray
Used a personality based theory
Ginzberg, Ginsberg, AxeIrad, and Herma
Used a developmental approach Stages: Fantasy (birth-11) Tentative (11-17) Realistic (17-early 20's)
Super
Believed in a self-concept directing career
Career Rainbow
Super’s Life Rainbow
Growth Exploration Establishment Maintenance Decline
Growth
Super’s Life Rainbow
Birth-14 years
Development of self-concept, attitudes, needs and general world of work
Exploration
Super’s Life Rainbow
15-24 years
Exploration 15-24 “Trying out” through classes, work hobbies.Tentative choice and skill development
Establishment
Super’s Life Rainbow
25-44 years
Entry-level skill building and stabilization through work experience
Maintenance
Super’s Life Rainbow
45-64 years
Continual adjustment process to improve position
Decline
Super’s Life Rainbow
65+ years
Reduced output, prepare for retirement
Holland
Self Directed Search
Currently the most popular career theory
Emphasizes personality
Self Directed Search
Realistic Investigative Artistic Social Enterprising Conventional
Realistic
Self Directed Search
Likes to work with animals, tools, or machines; generally avoids social activities like teaching, healing, and informing others;
Has good skills in working with tools, mechanical or electrical drawings, machines, or plants and animals;
Values practical things you can see, touch, and use like plants and animals, tools, equipment, or machines; and
Sees self as practical, mechanical, and realistic.
Investigative
Self Directed Search
Likes to study and solve math or science problems; generally avoids leading, selling, or persuading people;
Is good at understanding and solving science and math problems;
Values science; and Sees self as precise, scientific, and intellectual.
Artistic
Self Directed Search
Likes to do creative activities like art, drama, crafts, dance, music, or creative writing; generally avoids highly ordered or repetitive activities;
Has good artistic abilities – in creative writing, drama, crafts, music, or art;
Values the creative arts – like drama, music, art, or the works of creative writers; and
Sees self as expressive, original, and independent.
Social
Self Directed Search
Likes to do things to help people – like, teaching, nursing, or giving first aid, providing information; generally avoids using machines, tools, or animals to achieve a goal;
Is good at teaching, counseling, nursing, or giving information;
Values helping people and solving social problems; and
Sees self as helpful, friendly, and trustworthy.
Enterprising
Self Directed Search
Likes to lead and persuade people, and to sell things and ideas; generally avoids activities that require careful observation and scientific, analytical thinking;
Is good at leading people and selling things or ideas;
Values success in politics, leadership, or business; and
Sees self as energetic, ambitious, and sociable.
Conventional
Self Directed Search
Likes to work with numbers, records, or machines in a set, orderly way; generally avoids ambiguous, unstructured activities
Is good at working with written records and numbers in a systematic, orderly way;
Values success in business; and
Sees self as orderly, and good at following a set plan.
