CARDS FOR AP TEST Flashcards
Federalist No.10
- factions are bad but inevitable
- wants 1 large republic
- written by Madison
Federalist No.51
- The separation of powers is great!
- written by Madison
Brutus No.1
- wanted 13 individual republics written by an anti-federalist
- 3/4 states approve/ ratify change
- Difficult but NOT impossible (AoC req. unanimous)
McCulloch v Maryland
- Supremacy clause and neccesary and proper
- established the BUS
- taxing the BUS in Maryland
- not in the constitution
united states v Lopez
- Lopez brought a gun to school
- QUESTION: is bringing a gun to school unconstitutional?
- possession of a gun in a school zone isn’t unconstitutional
- congressional law (no guns in school)
- 2A and commerce clause
republicanism
belief that gov’t should be based on the people should be elected to serve the people
pluralist theory/ democracy
emphasizes groups roles in the policy making process
elitist theory/ democracy
heavily influenced by $. small minority w/ most economic power
constitutional republic
representatives elected by the people
republic
Power resides in elected individuals
shay’s rebellion
armed uprising led by farmers
habeas corpus
protects individuals from being unlawfully detained/imprisioned
bill of attainder
punishing someone without trial in a legislature (unconstitutional)
ex post facto law
“After the fact” can’t be punished for something before it was against the law
virginia plan
proposed @ CC that served as the final draftof the U.S constitution
new jersey plan
designed to address the concerns of the smaller states that feared losing influence
great (Connecticut) Compromise
helped us have a house and senate
compromise on importation
congress cant restrict slave trade for 20 years
federalism
gov’t separation of powers helps keep gov’t organized and citizens protected from tyranny
expreseed (enumerated) powers
powers that the fed’ government has
unitary system
centralized single gov’t controls local gov’t
confederal system
states have more powers than the nat’l gov’t
exclusive (delegated) powers
powers only the nat’l gov’t has
exclusive (reserved) powers
powers to the right of the state
concurrent powers
powers both tiers have
(interstate) commerce clause
congress can regulate commerce between states
full faith and credit clause
each state respects/honors the official records of other states (ex. live in ct, go into ri and break a ri law but state you live in ct)
extradition
one state/country surrenders a suspected/convicted felon to the country the person is wanted
fiscal policy
refers to the gov’ts use of spending and taxation to influence the economy. it plays a crucial role in managing economic growth, inflation and unemployment by adjusting public expenditure and revenue collection
monetary policy
the process by which a central bank, such as the Federal Reserve, manages the money supply and interest rates to achieve specific economic goals.
Federalist No.70
- describes the executive branch having “energy”
- written by Hamilton
federalist No. 78
- importance of an independent judiciary (lifelong term; not elected)
- nominated by potus, confirmed by senate
Baker v. Carr
- 14A equal protections
- racially gerrymandered an interstate highway (heavily black pop.)
- ruled: gerrymandering unconstitutional
Shaw v.reno
- 14A equal protections
*TNs districts were unevem (outdated)- leaving some districts much more populated - SCOTUS strikes down TN’s lines
marbury v.madison
- established judicial review
- allows courts to review actions by the gov’t
- article 3
-Courts can interpret laws for their constitutionality
What does Art. 1 describe
Outlines congress
what does art. 2 describe
outlines the executive branch
what does art.3 describe
outlines the judicial branch
pork barrel spending
Making deals w/ outher congressmen to “sweeten the deal”
logrolling
vote trading “ I will vote for this if you vote for me”
majority-minority districts
when most of a district is a racial minority
malapportionment
bad apportioning
Office of management and budget (OMB)
responsible for assisting the president in overseeing the preparation of the budget
executive privilege
POTUS doesn’t have to disclose info
Executive agreement
an agreement between POTUS ad a foreign country only for the length of the term
war powers resoltuion
POTUS can send in troops into an armed conflict if only deemed by congress for a multitude of reasons
stare decisis
avoid overturning earlier precedent by reaching the same ruling
political patronage
giving position in exec. branch based on political support, not merit
merit system
getting a job ased on experience
bureaucratic discretion
beaurocrats are the experts
prior restraint
New York Times v. united states uses this
libel
spoken false and trying to ruin their reputation
slander
In the act of making false statements about another person that damages their reputation
procedural due process
standardized process of determining guilt accused
Griswold v. Connecticut
struck down a law prohibiting contraceptives, protects individual liberties
de jure/legal segregation
segregation that is based on the law: the gov’t passes a law that segregates
de facto segregation
segregation that happens naturally, by people’s choices, not gov’t
Civil Rights Act of 1964
outlawed segregation in schools, public places and employment and employers
Voting Rights Act of 1965
Hoped to eliminate racial discrimination in voting
political culture
set beliefs, values, and norms that shape the political behavior and attitudes
equality of opportunity
rule of law
the principle that all individuals and institutions including the government are subject to and accountable under the law
political socialization
political ideology
conservatives/ liberals/ etc.
generational effect
disproportionally effects a genertion (18-30) that come of age together
life-cycle effect
The various changes in attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors that individuals experience as they progress through different stages of life, become more conservative
period effect
affects everyone relatively equally
globalization
connected countries enables worldwide trade
party ideology
command-and-control economy
communism/socialism/.fascism (gov’t has complete control over economy)
mixed economy
an economic system that combines elements of both capitalism and socialism
consumer price index (CPI)
monitors cost of goods –> inflation
monetary policy
fiscal policy
political action committee (PAC)
- raise and spend money to elect/ defeat political candidates
franchise/suffrage
Women’s gotten the right to vote/black males got the right to vote
demographic characteristic
refers to the stats of a population such as age, race, gender, income level, and education
super PACs
organization that can raise and spend unlimited amount of money to influence elections, cant coordinate with candidates
straight-ticket voting
voter selects all candidates from a single political party on a ballot rather than the individual
split-ticket voting
voting for candidates in different parties
party coalition (US definition)
realignment
significant change in the party system, views of voters change drastically, and a change in party loyalty, ideology
divided government
one party controls the executive branch and the legislative branch. controlled by different parties
political culture
The action of political beliefs that gov’t is built on
equal of opportunity
The principle that individuals should be treated fairly and have equal access to education and employment opportunities
outsourcing
hiring foreign workers to make stuff in their economy
caucuses
meeting of members of a political party/ faction
proportional representation system
when a representative gains a seat in the legislature based on the votes they receive
net nutrality
internet providers must treat all data the same without discriminating or charging differently based on content
amicus curiae brief
give info but not involved in case (court cases)
collective good
you dont have to be a part of a group to get the same benefits
civil society
importance of groups/organizations, not directly related to government
collective action
efforts of a group to acheive a common goal or adress shared concerns
grassroots lobbying
when lobbyists lobby in their hometown
wire service
provide accurate/timely mews reports to media outlets
investigative journalism
a specialized form of journalism in in-depth research and analysis to uncover hidden facts
broadcast media
distribution of audio and visual content to a wide audience
media consolidation
when a large media source combines w/ smaller media source
horse-race journalism
- covers elections on whos winning rather than policy
- treats campaigns like races, emphasizing polls and tactics over issues
