Cards Flashcards
Cardiology Key points
Patients with symptomatic atrial flutter despite adequate medical therapy and rate control should undergo catheter ablation.
Cardiology Key points
The risk for cardiac transplant rejection is highest within the first 6 months after transplantation and then within the first year; endomyocardial biopsy should be routinely performed within the first year after cardiac transplantation to diagnose rejection.
Cardiology Key points
Patients with a non–ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome who have a high or intermediate TIMI risk score should be treated with an early invasive strategy.
Cardiology Key points
Mitral valve repair is strongly recommended for chronic severe primary mitral regurgitation in symptomatic patients with left ventricular ejection fraction greater than 30%, asymptomatic patients with left ventricular dysfunction, and patients undergoing another cardiac surgical procedure.
Cardiology Key points
The monoclonal antibody bevacizumab is associated with the development of significant but reversible hypertension
Cardiology Key points
Aortic coarctation is characterized by clinical features of upper extremity hypertension and a radial artery–to–femoral artery pulse delay as well as radiographic findings of “figure 3 sign” and rib notching
Diagnosis and treatment for a young woman with history of migraines, acute chest pain, and ST-segment elevation
Diagnosis: Coronary vasospasm (Prinzmetal angina)
Test:
Echocardiography
Treatment: Long-acting nitrate, calcium channel blocker
Diagnosis and treatment for a young person with chest pain following a party
Think Cocaine:
Dx treat:
Echocardiography; calcium channel blocker (avoid B-blockers)
Diagnosis and tx for a tall, thin person with long arms with acute chest and back pain (especially “tearing” sensation), a normal ECG, and an aortic diastolic murmur
Think: Marfan syndrome and aortic dissection
Tx: MRA, CTA, or TEE; immediate surgery for type A dissection
What murmur is characteristic of aortic dissection and Marfans?
aortic diastolic murmur
Dx and tx for a patient who recently traveled or with immobility, sharp or pleuritic chest pain, and nondiagnostic ECG
PE
Dx, Tx, CTA, UFH or LMWH
Dx and tx for atall thin young man who smokes with sudden pleuritic chest pain and dyspnea
Dx: Spontaneous pneumothorax
CXR
Dx and tx for a postmenopausal woman with substernal chest pain following severe emotional/ physical stress has ST-segment elevation in the anterior precordial leads, troponin elevation, and unremarkable coronary angiography
Dx and Tx
Stress-induced (takotsubo) cardiomyopathy. Look for characteristic apical ballooning on ventriculogram.
Treat with BB or ACE
What Echo feature is typical for Stress-induced (takotsubo) cardiomyopathy?
Look for characteristic apical ballooning on ventriculogram.
Dx and Tx for a young man with substernal chest pain, deep t wave inversions in V2 -V4. and a harsh systolic murmur that increases with Valsalva maneuver
HCM
Treatment with Echo and BB
Distinguish NSTEMI from unstable angina
Both have ST depressions or TWI, NSTEMI has positive biomarkers
Three EKG signs of a STEMI
- New LBBB
- ST elevation >1mm in 2 or more cont leads with Positive biomarkers
- Posterior MI (tall R waves in v1-v3)
How is Echo useful in ACS
May show regional wall abnormalities
EKG localization of STEMI: Which leads correspond to Inferior
2, 3, AVF
EKG localization of STEMI: Which leads correspond to Anteroseptal
v1-v3
EKG localization of STEMI: Which leads correspond to Lateral and Apical
v4-v6, 1 av1
EKG localization of STEMI: Which leads correspond to posterior wall
Tall R waves in v1 to v3
EKG localization of STEMI: Which leads correspond to R ventricle
V4R- 4V6, Tall R waves in V1 to V3
What are the 5 signs that a patient with unstable angina/NSTEMI require immediate angiography?
- hemodynamic instability
- HF
- Recurrent rest angina despite therapy
- new or worsening MR murmur
- sustained VT
Do all patients with unstable angina/NSTEMI require angiograph before they leave the hospital?
In patents with unstable angina and NSTEMI, risk stratification is used to determine whether angiography within 24 hours or predischarge stress the patient. If the stress test is positive, then and significant ischemia is seen, then angio. Use TIMI to stratify. TIMI 0-2 is low risk and 3 to 7 is high.
Which components makeup the TIMI risk score?
Age 65 or older, >3 RF (HTN, HLD, DM), CAD, EKG changes, positive biomarkers, ASA use in the last 7 days.
How do you manage patients with a low TIMI score vs High TIMI?
Low TIMI scores can be sent to stress test, high score should go to angiography
In post MI patients, when is cardiac catherization indicated?
- exercise-induced ST-segment depression or elevation
- inability to achieve 5 METs during testing
- inability to increase SBP by 10 to 30 mm Hg
- inability to exercise (arthritis)
STEMI treatment
Patients with STEMI should undergo immediate cardiac angiography
What is the preferred strategy for tx for patients with STEMI?
Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is the preferred strategy, with first medical contact to PCI time <90 minutes in a PCI-capable hospital
If not then 2 hours, if transferred from a non-PCI-capable hospital to a PCI- capable hospital.
Aside from STEMI, what are other indications for PCI?
Other indications for PCI are:
* failure of thrombolytic therapy (continued chest pain, persistent ST elevations on ECG)
* thrombolytic therapy is contraindicated
* new HF or cardiogenic shock
How long should PGY2 inhibitors be continued following MI?
Keep it for at least 1 year is for ACS
Which medicines should be started for ACS
- Aspirin
(ASAP for all patients with
ACS, Continue indefinitely as secondary prevention - P2Y 12 inhibitor (clopidogrel, ticagrelor, prasugrel)
- B-Blockers (metoprolol, carvedilol)
- Anticoagulant (UFH, LMWH, bivalirudin)
- ACE/ARB
- Nitroglycerin
- High-intensity statin
Should you use thrombolytic therapy for patients with NSTEMI or Unstable angina?
NOOOOO!
- Do not choose thrombolytic therapy for patients with NSTEMI or for asymptomatic patients with onset of pain > 24 hours
- Unlike medical therapy for stable CAD, routine use of nitrates, calcium channel blockers, or ranolazine general has no role in the post-STEMI setting.
- Do not choose ranolazine for treatment of ACS.
Should you use thrombolytic therapy for patients with NSTEMI or Unstable angina?
NOOOOO!
- Do not choose thrombolytic therapy for patients with NSTEMI or for asymptomatic patients with onset of pain > 24 hours
- Unlike medical therapy for stable CAD, routine use of nitrates, calcium channel blockers, or ranolazine general has no role in the post-STEMI setting.
- Do not choose ranolazine for treatment of ACS.
When should thrombolytics be used vs PCI?
If PCI is not available and you cant get it within 2 hours.
When is CABG indicated acutely in STEMI patients?
When thrombolytics, PCI fail or if you have complications like papillary muscle rupture, VSD, oe free wall rupture
What is the most common presentation for patients with RV infarct?
Present with hypotension or may have hypotension after giving nitroglycerine or morphine. Look for JVD with clear lungs and hypotension. Treat with IV fluids
In STEMI patients with cardiogenic shock, acute MR, or VSD, intractable VT or refractory angina, how should we treat them?
Intra-aortic balloon pump
In what circumstances should patients with STEMI receive temporary pacing?
- Asystole
- Symptomatic bradycardia
- Alternating LBBB and RBBB
- New bifascicular block with first AV block
What is the recommended initial study for acute complications of an MI?
Emergency Echo
Which complication of acute MI is associated with SUDDEN hypotension or cardiac death with PEA
LV free wall rupture
What are the most common signs and murmurs of VSD or papillary muscle rupture?
Abrupt pulmonary edema, or hypotension WITH a LOUD HOLOSYSTOLIC murmur and thrill.
What is the recommended treatment for patients with VSD or papillary muscle rupture?
They should be stabilized with intra-aortic balloon pump, afterload reduction with sodium nitroprusside, and diuretics, then emergency surgery
What is the recommended treatment for patients with post MI and cardiogenic shock
Early revascularization, with support by LVAD or intra aortic balloon pumps
What is the recommended treatment for patients with post infarction agina
cardiac catherization
In post MI patients, in what situations are ICDs indicated?
- More than 40 days since MI
- EF <35
- > 3 months since PCI or CABG
When is Exercise ECG without images ok to do?
- Patients who can exercise
- Have normal or nonspecific baseline ECG changes (e.g., <0.5 mm ST depression)
When is the Exercise ECG with myocardial perfusion imaging or exercise echocardiography indicated?
- Patients who can exercise
- Pre-excitation (WPW) pattern
- > 1 mm ST depression
- Previous CABG or PCI
- LBBB
- L hypertrophy
- Digoxin use
When is pharmacologic stress myocardial perfusion imaging or dobutamine echocardiography indicated?
- Unable to exercise
- Electrically paced ventricular rhythm
- LBBB
Select coronary angiography for patients with high pretest probability of CAD. What factors make a candidate high pre-test probability for CAD?
- LV dysfunction
- class III or IV angina despite therapy
- highly positive stress or imaging test
- high pretest probability of left main or three-vessel CAD (a Duke treadmill score <-11)
- uncertain diagnosis after noninvasive testing
- history of surviving sudden cardiac death
- suspected coronary spasm
Cardiology tip
- Stress testing is of little value in patients with very low (e.g., <10%) or very high (e.g., >90%) pretest probabilities of CAD.
- In patients with LBBB, do not perform exercise ECG for evaluation of possible CAD; stress echocardiography or vasodilator stress radionuclide myocardial perfusion imaging should be performed instead.
What are Absolute contraindications to B-blockers ?
- Severe bradycardia
- Advanced AV block.
- Decompensated HFr
- Severe reactive airways disease
Which med should be considered in patients who remain symptomatic despite optimal doses of B-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and nitrates?
Ranolazine
Which med should be initiated as first-line therapy for patients with absolute contraindications to B- blockers?
In the setting of continued angina despite optimal doses of B-blockers and nitrates, calcium channel blockers can be added.
Avoid short acting calcium channel blockers. Bradycardia and heart block can occur in patients with significant conduction svstem disease.
How can you prevent nitrate tachyphylaxis ?
by establishing a nitrate-free perlod of 8 to 12 hours per day during which nitrates are not used.
For patients using nitrates, which meds are contraindicated.
sildenafil, vardenafil, and tadalafil
Cardioprotective drugs reduce the progression of atherosclerosis and subsequent cardiovascular events. Name the three Cardioprotective drugs
Aspirin, ACE , statin
What options are available for patients with persistent angina despite maximum therapy?
revascularization with PCI vs CABG (go with CABG for thse that are high risk or have triple vessel dz or LV dysfunction)
Which two symptoms and signs that increase the likelihood of HF as a diagnosis?
- paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
- an S3
What two signs decrease likelihood of HF as a diagnosis?
- absence of dyspnea on exertion
- absence of crackles on pulmonary auscultation
Which BNP level is compatible with HF, which is not?
A BNP level >400 pg/mL. is compatible with HF, and a level 100 pg/mL effectively excludes HP as a cause of acute dyspnea.
Should routine testing for unusual causes of HF, including hemochromatosis, Wilson disease, multiple myeloma be performed?
no
Which factors increase BNP?
Kidney failure, older age, and female sex all increase BNP;
Which factors decrease BNP?
obesity reduces BNP.
Which BB are approved for HF?
only metoprolol succinate, carvedilol, and bisoprolo
Is there any advantage to continuous IV infusion of furosemide vs. bolus therapy in decompensated HF.
No. Continuous IV infusion of furosemide provides no advantage vs. bolus therapy in decompensated HF.
Can you start B- blocker therapy in patients with decompensated HF.
Do not begin B- blocker therapy in patients with decompensated HF.
When is ICD therapy indicated in HF?
For ischemic and nonischemic cardiomyopathy in patients with an EF 35% and NYHA functional class II-II or with an EF <30% and NYHA functional class I For NYHA class II-Ill symptoms
When should you add Entresto in HF?
Substitute for an ACE inhibitor or ARB in HFrEF (NYHA class ll or lI) in patients who have tolerated ACE inhibitor or ARB therapy
When is Cardiac resynchronization therapy indicated in HF?
For NYHA class I-IV, LVEF <35%, and LBBB with ORS duration >150ms
Who should receive cardiac transplant in HF?
For patients with refractory HF symptoms despite maximal medical therapy
In patients with chronic HF who are clinically stable, should you do an follow-up echocardiography more frequently than every 1 to 2 years
No! In patients with chronic HF who are clinically stable, follow-up echocardiography more frequently than every 1 to 2 years is not
recommended.
How is HFpEF treated?
The primary treatment goals in HFpEF are to treat the underlying cause (HTH, afib), to manage potentially exacerbating factors and to optimize diastolic filling (decrease HR)
Which pharmacologic agents have been shown to reduce morbidity and mortality in patients with HFpEF?
None
What are the most distinguising causes of Acute myocarditis
Associated with bacterial, viral, and parasitic infections and autoimmune disorders. Cardiac troponin levels are typically elevated; ventricular dysfunction may be global or regional. Choose supportive care in the acute phase, then standard HF
Which drugs can causes drug in diced cardiomyopathy?
Illicit use of cocaine and amphetamines has been associated with myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy, as well as MI, arrhythmia, and sudden death. Choose standard HF treatment. In patients with stimulant-induced acute myocardial ischemia
for drug induced dilated cardiomyopathy, B-blockers may exacerbate coronary vasoconstriction, which BB is preferred to have to use?
Labetalol, a -blocker with a-blocker activity, is preferred
.What is a Rare disease characterized by biventricular enlargement, refractory ventricular arrhythmias, and rapid progression to cardiogenic shock in young to middle-aged adults. Histologic examination demonstrates the presence of multinucleated giant cells in the myocardium.
Giant cell myocarditis
How is Giant cell myocarditis treated
Choose immunosuppressant treatment and/or LVAD placement or cardiac transplantation.
What is the timeline for diagnosing Peripartum cardiomyopathy?
Presence of HF with an LVEF <45% diagnosed between 1 month before and 5 months after delivery.
What is a clinical syndrome caused by excess iron deposition in the myocardium. Characterized by symptoms of heart failure and by conduction defects.
Hemochromatosis
What drugs should be avoided in Peripartum cardiomyopathy?
HF treatment. ACE inhibitors, ARBs, and aldosterone antagonists (e.g., eplerenone) should be avoided (teratogenicity) during pregnancy.
How is peripartum CM managed in pregnancy?
Management includes early delivery (when identified before parturition) and Anticoagulation with warfarin is recommended for women with peripartum cardiomyopathy with LVEF <35%. Women with persistent LV dysfunction should avoid subsequent pregnancy.
Which clinical syndrome isCharacterized by acute LV dysfunction in the setting of intense emotional or physiologic stress. May mimic acute STEMI.
Stress-induced (takotsubo)
cardiomyopathy
Which features are key for Stress-induced (takotsubo) cardiomyopathy
Dilation and akinesis of the LV apex occur in the absence of CAD.
which clinic syndrome occurs when myocardial dysfunction develops as a result of chronic tachycardia.
Tachycardia-mediated cardiomyopathy
What key features distinguish HCM from aortic stenosis?
In HCM, murmur increases with Valsalva and going from squatting to standing. There is no ejection sound, no radiation.
which EKG findings are characteristic for HCM?
LV hypertrophy and left atrial enlargement. Deeply inverted, symmetric T waves in leads V1 to V3 are present in the apical hypertrophic form of the disease (mimics ischemia).
What is the first line medical agent for HCM?
B- Blockers are first-line agents for patients with an EF >50%, dyspnea, and/or chest pain. Calcium channel blockers (verapamil or diltiazem) may be substituted for B-blockers. ACE inhibitors are used only if systolic dysfunction is present.
What is first line treatment for patients with HCM and a fib?
Treat all patients with HCM and AF with warfarin (first line) or one of the NOACs (dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban) (second-line therapy) regardless of CHA,DS, VAS score. Surgery or septal ablation is indicated for patients with an outflow tract gradient of ›50 mm Hg and continuing symptoms despite maximal drug therapy.
Which HCM patients should get an ICD?
Patients at high risk for sudden death (one or more major risk factors) are candidates for an ICD The absence of any risk factors has a high negative predictive value (>90%) for sudden death.
Major Risk Factors for SCD in HCM:
Previous cardiac arrest
Spontaneous sustained VT
Family history of sudden death
Unexplained syncope
LV wall thickness 230 mm
Blunted increase or decrease in SBP with exercise
Nonsustained spontaneous VT
Which drugs should be avoided in patients with HCM?
Do not prescribe digoxin, vasodilators, or diuretics, which increase IV outflow obstruction for patients with HOM.
What advice to give to first degree relatives with HCM?
All first degree relatives of patients with HCM should have genetic counseling and if no mutation found should have an echo
What screening recommendations are for first degree relatives with HCM?
Ongoing screening with echo is recommended due to expression of disease at any age after 12 years
Clinical syndrome with abnormally rigid ventricular walls causing diastolic dysfunction in the absence of systolic dysfunction, manifesting as impaired ventricular filling and elevated diastolic ventricular pressures
restrictive CM
What echo findings are notable for restrictive CM
Echocardiogram shows normal ejection fraction/systolic function.
What Cardiac catheterization findings are notable for restrictive CM
Cardiac catheterization shows elevated LV and RV end diastolic pressures and a characteristic early ventricular diastolic dip and plateau.
Which restrictive CM is associated with Amyloidosis
Neuropathy, proteinuria, hepatomegaly, periorbital ecchymosis, bruising, low-voltage ECG. Little to no cardiac sxs
what is the best way to diagnose Amyloidosis restrictive CM
Diagnosis can be confirmed with abdominal fat pad aspiration.
which clinical syndrome restrictive CM associated with bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy; possible pulmonary reticular opacities; and skin, joint, or eye lesions.
Sarcoidosis
How is CM Sarcoidosis Diagnosed?
Diagnosis is supported by CMR imaging with gadolinium.
Which cardiac clinic syndrome characterized by Abnormal aminotransferase levels, OA, diabetes, erectile dysfunction, and HF; elevated serum ferritin and transferrin saturation level?
Hemochromatosis
Initial test needed to work up palpitations and syncope?
ekg
when should you get an echo to evaluate syncope and palpitations?
when structural disease is suspected
In evaluating syncope and arrythmias, which method can you use for frequent arrythmias that occur at least daily?
Ambulatory 24 hour ECG
In evaluating syncope and arrythmias, which method can you use for arrhythmias
provoked by exercise
exercise EKG
Clinical syndrome with postprandial dizziness, syncope, falls, or angina. The condition can be worsened by antihypertensive medications and salt and water depletion
postprandial hypotension (PPH)
In addition to adjusting potentially offending medications to treat postprandial hypotension (PPH), what nonpharmacologic measures can improve PPH?
- Smaller and more frequent meals
- Low-carbohydrate meals
- Increased salt and water intake
- Avoidance of alcohol
. Custom-fit compression stockings - Avoidance of activities or sudden standing immediately following meals
Octreotide may also be effective as it increases splanchnic vascular resistance and reduces pooling of blood in the gut; however, it is reserved for severely symptomatic
Keypoint on PPH
Postprandial hypotension is characterized by orthostatic symptoms within 2 hours after eating and is common in the elderly. Decreased portion sizes, increased salt/water intake, low-carbohydrate meals, and avoidance of alcohol can improve symptoms. Octreotide can be considered for severely symptomatic or refractory cases.
What is the treatment for Cocaine related chest pain ?
Cocaine related chest pain should first be treated with aspirin and nitroglycerin plus calcium channel blockers for pain control. In addition, benzodiazepines are very effective for reducing blood pressure and anxiety.
What drugs are contraindicated for cocaine-induced chest pain?
Beta blockers (even
“selective” beta blockers) can worsen coronary vasoconstriction due to unopposed as activity, and are contraindicated for cocaine-induced chest pain
Cardiology keypoint
Cocaine can cause chest pain through multiple mechanisms that simultaneously increase oxygen demand, decrease oxygen supply, and increase thrombogenicity.
Beta blockers are contraindicated in acute cocaine-induced chest pain.
Benzodiazepines, aspirin, and nitrates are first line therapy. Patients should also receive immediate cardiac catheterization with reperfusion therapy when presenting with acute ST elevation MI
What EKG findings are typical for complete AV block?
- There is a complete failure of atrial impulses (p waves) to capture the ventricles (QRS)
The p waves arent associated with QRS complexes - The escape rhythm (QRS) can be narrow (junctional escape) or wide (ventricular escape)
- The p waves have no relation to QRS complexes (complete AV dissociation)
- Ventricular rate is always slower than the atrial rate and is usually < 50
what is the treatment for complete heart block
Treatment is first directed at reversible causes, such as medications (eg, beta blockers). Patients who are acutely symptomatic with a narrow ORS on ECG may be treated with atropine; those with a wide QRS may require temporary pacing. Stable, asymptomatic patients usually require a permanent pacemaker, preferably with dual-chamber pacing.
what is the treatment for patients who are acutely symptomatic with complete heart block who have a narrow QRS on ECG
may be treated with atropine;
what is the treatment for patients WITH HEART BLOCK with a wide QRS?
They may require temporary pacing.
Treatment for complete heart block patients who are , asymptomatic patients?
Stable, asymptomatic patients usually require a permanent pacemaker, preferably with dual-chamber pacing.
What key feature is the syncope from AS associated with?
EXERTION
What key feature is the syncope from AS associated with?
EXERTION
What are signs of significant volume depletion?
Significant volume depletion can present with syncope and usually has associated tachycardia and hypotension
What symptoms are associated with vasovagal syncope
an identifiable trigger (eg, emotional upset, acute pain, micturition). It is characterized by a prodrome of warmth, diaphoresis, nausea and abdominal discomfort. Syncope is usually brief and frequently followed by emesis.
what condition is associated with an opening snap followed by a middiastolic murmur best heard at the cardiac apex.
Mitral stenosis
what is the most common cause of Mitral stenosis in young women
y mitral stenosis, which most commonly occurs due to underlying rheumatic heart disease.
What are the most distinguishing features of mitral stenosis
Patients experience exertional dyspnea, orthopnea, cough, and hemoptysis due to pulmonary edema
what is a common complication of mitral stenosis?
Atrial fibrillation commonly develops due to left atrial stretching and can precipitate acute worsening of symptoms.
what other valve disease is common with severe mitral stenosis?
Secondary (functional) tricuspid regurgitation is common with severe mitral stenosis because pressure backs up through the lungs to cause pulmonary hypertension and eventual right ventricular dilation with impaired coaptation of the tricuspid valve leaflets. A prominent V wave on the jugular venous pulse (JVP) waveform is characteristic of tricuspid regurgitation.
Which defect is associated with a harsh holosystolic murmur, along with a palpable thrill, and is best appreciated over the mid left sternal border?
A small ventricular septal defect
Whare ekg findings separates second-degree atrioventricular block features of Mobitz types I & 2?
Mobitz type 1 has progressive prolongation of PR interval followed by dropped QRS complex, while type 2 has Constant PR interval with randomly dropped QRS
WHat is treatment for Symptomatic second-degree AV block in the absence of a reversible cause?
necessitates placement of a permanent pacemaker regardless of whether Mobitz type I or Mobitz type II AV block is present.
Which patients with new HF are candidates for ICD after they have been revascularized?
Patients with left ventricular (LV) dysfunction due to myocardial infarction may experience recovery of LV function following coronary revascularization and treatment with optimal medical therapy. Therefore, implantable cardioverter-defibrillator placement should be reserved for patients with significant LV dysfunction that persists for 3 months following revascularization or 40 days following myocardial infarction without revascularizatidn.
After a new patient with depressed LV function due to MI is revascularized, how long do they have to wait to be considered for ICD?
Patients with left ventricular (LV) dysfunction due to myocardial infarction may experience recovery of LV function following coronary revascularization and treatment with optimal medical therapy. Therefore, implantable cardioverter-defibrillator placement should be reserved for patients with significant LV dysfunction that persists for 3 months following revascularization or 40 days following myocardial infarction without revascularizatidn.
whIch HF patients can get an ICD?
Placement of an ICD is indicated in patients with LVEF <35% with heart failure symptoms. Patients considered at high risk of SCD in the meantime may be given a temporary wearable cardiac defibrillator
Cardiac resynchronization therapy with placement of a biventricular pacemaker is indicated for symptomatic patients with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) <35%. What other feature is needed f or them to qualify for Cardiac resynchronization therapy?
A left bundle branch block with QRS duration > 150 sec.
What is the goal for emergency cardiac catheterization and revascularization for STEMI?
Emergency cardiac catheterization and revascularization within 90 minutes (of first contact with medical personnel) is the goal of treatment in patients with acute ST elevation myocardial infarction.
What is the goal for emergency cardiac catheterization and revascularization for NSTEMI?
Withiin 24 hours
How do we manage ACS patients with high-risk features, ST-segment depression, and/or positive cardiac biomarkers ?
ACS patients with high-risk features, ST-segment depression, and/or positive cardiac biomarkers should be managed with an early invasive approach using coronary angiography and primary percutaneous coronary intervention (within 24 hours)
What is the best way to evaluate The presence of a painful, tender mass near the puncture site below the right inguinal ligament after an endovascular intervention is suggestive of hematoma with pseudoaneurysm formation.?
The patient should have a Doppler ultrasound to assess for the presence of hematoma and/ or pseudoaneurysm formation
How is an arterial pseudoaneurysm or hematoma after a cardiac procedure treated?
treated with ultrasound-guided compression or ultrasound-guided thrombin injection into the pseudoaneurysm
For a patient with a pseudoaneurysm at the catheter insertion site after a cardiac procedure, is needle aspiration a treatment option?
needle aspiration is contraindicated.
Which set of low cardiac pressures are associated with hypovolemic shocK?
a low right atrial and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, reduced cardiac index and and systemic vascular resistance is increased.
Which set of cardiac pressures are associated with cardiogenic shocK?
Pulmonary artery catheterization in such patients typically reveals elevated pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, low cardiac output, and low cardiac index.
Which set of cardiac pressures are associated with septiic shocK?
increase in cardiac output in the early stages of shock. Systemic vascular resistance is typically reduced, which is useful in differentiating it from other causes of shock.
Which set of cardiac pressures are associated with PE?
Patients with pulmonary embolus have elevated right atrial, right ventricular, and pulmonary artery pressures.
Which set of cardiac pressures are associated with CARDIAC TAMPONADE?
Cardiac tamponade causes an increase in right atrial and ventricular pressures, along with a characteristic equalization of right atrial, right ventricular end diastolic, and pulmonary capillary wedge pressures.
Clinical syndrome associated with signs of continuous cardiac murmur, hypertension, and diminished femoral pulses, Severe hypertension can cause headaches, blurred vision, or epistaxis or can present as aortic dissection.
are suggestive of coarctation of the aorta.
what genetic syndrome is associated with coarctation of the aorta?
Turner syndrome
which 3 major cardiac defects are associated with Turners syndrome
-bicuspid aortic valve
-Aortic root dilation
-dissection
For evaluation of arrythmias, when is an event monitor used over the loop recorder?
Both are for infrequent arrythmias but the event monitor is mainly for symptomatic patients who have events that last at least 1 to 2 minutes. Patients have to activate the event monitor so it is not good for patients with syncope
can be EP study be used as an initial choice to diagnose arrythmias?
No
What are 3 common causes of sinus bradycardia?
Meds, hypothyroid, inferior MI
wHICH heart block has PR interval >0.2 s without alterations in HR or dropped beats?
first degree
which heart block has Intermittent P waves not followed by a ventricular complex?
2nd degree further classified Mobitz type 1 or type 2
which heart block has complete absence of conducted P waves (p-wave and QRS complex rates differ, and the PR interval differs for every ORS complex) and an atrial rate that is faster than the ventricular rat
3rd degree
For 2nd degree block, How can you differentiate mobitz 1 vs 2?
Type 1 has progressing PR interval then dropped beat, while the PR interval with type 2 is the same length and then QRS drops.
Which 2nd degree heart block is associated with RBBB or LBBB?
Type 2
Which 2nd degree heart block is associated with RBBB or LBBB?
Type 2
Pertaining to bradycardia, when do we consider IV atropine or transcutaneous pacing?
Hemodynamic instability!! Choose IV atropine and/or transcutaneous or transvenous pacing for symptoms of hemodynamic compromise caused by bradycardia or heart block
What 6 indications are there to consider permanent pacemaker in the event of irreversible bradycardia?
*symptomatic bradycardia
* asymptomatic sinus bradycardia BUT with significant pauses (>3 s) or heart rate <40/min
* AF with 5-second pauses
* complete heart block
* Mobitz type 2 second-degree AV block
* alternating bundle branch block
For asymptomatic bradycardia, when are the only time you place a pacemaker?
In the absence of a second or 3rd degree AV block, do not place a pacemaker for asymptomatic bradycardia
What initial 4 diagnostic studies should be obtained in new a fib?
- TSH
- Digoxin level
- OSA evaluation
- Echo