Cardo Flashcards
Shock is the result of:
hypoperfusion to the cells of the body
Capillary sphincters are:
circular muscular walls that regulate blood flow through the capillaries.
One of the primary waste products of normal cellular metabolism that must be removed from the body by the lungs is:
carbon dioxide
To protect vital organs, the body compensates by directing blood flow away from organs that are more tolerant of low flow, such as:
To skin
Pulmonary edema and impaired ventilation occur during:
Cariogenic shock
Cardiogenic shock may result from all of the following, EXCEPT:
increased preload
Which of the following injuries would MOST likely cause obstructive shock?
Cardiac tamponade
Distributive shock occurs when:
widespread dilation of the blood vessels causes blood to pool in the vascular beds.
Which of the following MOST accurately describes septic shock?
Bacterial damage to the vessel wall, leaking blood vessels, and vasodilation
Patients develop septic shock secondary to:
poor vessel function and severe volume loss.
A 70-year-old female was recently discharged from the hospital following a total hip replacement. Today, she presents with restlessness, tachycardia, and a blood pressure of 90/64 mm Hg. Her skin is hot and moist. You should be MOST suspicious that she is experiencing:
Septic shock
Neurogenic shock occurs when:
failure of the nervous system causes widespread vasodilation.
In an acute injury setting, neurogenic shock is commonly accompanied by:
hypothermia
Which of the following statements regarding anaphylactic shock is correct?
Subsequent exposure after sensitization often produces a more severe reaction.
Which of the following clinical signs is unique to anaphylactic shock?
Wheezing
Temporary, widespread vasodilation and syncope caused by a sudden nervous system reaction MOST accurately describes:
psychogenic shock
Which of the following would MOST likely result in hemorrhagic shock?
Liver laceration
Hypovolemic shock caused by severe burns is the result of a loss of:
Plasma
When assessing a patient with signs and symptoms of shock, it is important to remember that:
blood pressure may be the last measurable factor to change in shock.
Hypotension in a child with blunt or penetrating trauma is particularly significant because:
it often indicates the loss of half of his or her blood volume.
Clinical signs of compensated shock include all of the following, EXCEPT:
absent peripheral pulses.
Which of the following patients is in decompensated shock?
A 20-year-old female with absent radial pulses and dilated pupils
In infants and children, a capillary refill time that is greater than ______ second(s) is a sign of poor peripheral perfusion.
2
When treating an 80-year-old patient who is in shock, it is important to remember that:
changes in gastric motility may delay gastric emptying, which increases the risk for vomiting.
All of the following conditions should make you suspect shock, EXCEPT:
ischemic stroke.
A 59-year-old male presents with severe vomiting and diarrhea of 3 days’ duration. He is confused and diaphoretic, and his radial pulses are absent. His blood pressure is 78/50 mm Hg. After applying supplemental oxygen, you should:
prepare for immediate transport.
A 25-year-old unrestrained female struck the steering wheel with her chest when her car hit a tree while traveling at a high rate of speed. She has signs and symptoms of shock, which you suspect are the result of intrathoracic bleeding. Which of the following interventions will provide this patient with the greatest chance for survival?
Rapid transport to a trauma center
You are transporting a 33-year-old male who was involved in a major motor vehicle crash. You have addressed all immediate and potentially life-threatening conditions and have stabilized his condition with the appropriate treatment. With an estimated time of arrival at the hospital of 20 minutes, you should:
reassess his condition in 5 minutes
A 27-year-old male was stabbed in the chest during a disagreement at a poker game. As you approach him, you see that a knife is impaled in his chest. Before you make physical contact with the patient, it is MOST important to:
follow standard precautions.
You respond to a residence for a patient with a severe leg injury following an accident with a chainsaw. When you arrive, you find the patient, a 44-year-old male, lying supine in the backyard. He has a partial amputation of his right lower leg that is actively bleeding. The patient is conscious and breathing adequately; however, he is restless and his skin is diaphoretic. You should:
apply direct pressure to the wound.
A 56-year-old male is found semiconscious by his wife. Your assessment reveals that his respirations are rapid and shallow, his pulse is rapid and irregular, and his blood pressure is low. The patient’s wife states that he complained of left arm pain and nausea the day before, but would not allow her to call 9-1-1. The MOST likely cause of this patient’s present condition is:
acute myocardial infarction.
A construction worker fell approximately 30 feet. He is semiconscious with rapid, shallow respirations. Further assessment reveals deformity to the thoracic region of his spine. His blood pressure is 70/50 mm Hg, his pulse is 66 beats/min and weak, and his skin is warm and dry. In addition to spinal immobilization and rapid transport, the MOST appropriate treatment for this patient includes:
assisted ventilation, thermal management, and elevation of the lower extremities.
A 19-year-old male was stung multiple times by fire ants. He is experiencing obvious signs and symptoms of anaphylactic shock. You administer high-flow oxygen and give him epinephrine via intramuscular injection. Upon reassessment, you determine that his condition has not improved. You should:
repeat the epinephrine injection after consulting with medical control.
You are dispatched to a residence for a 40-year-old female who fainted. Upon your arrival, the patient is conscious and alert, and states that she is fine. Her husband tells you that she fainted after receiving news that her sister was killed in a car crash. You offer oxygen to the patient, but she refuses to accept it. At this point, your primary concern should be to:
determine if she was injured when she fainted.
A 20-year-old male has a large laceration to his wrist. He is holding a blood-soaked towel over the wound, but it continues to bleed rapidly. You should:
apply a tourniquet proximal to the wrist
Your assessment of an unresponsive patient reveals that her breathing is inadequate. Your MOST immediate action should be to:
check her airway for obstructions.
Which of the following is the ONLY action that can prevent death from a tension pneumothorax?
Decompression of the injured side of the chest
Basic life support (BLS) is defined as:
noninvasive emergency care that is used to treat conditions such as airway obstruction, respiratory arrest, and cardiac arrest.
After ________ minutes without oxygen, permanent brain damage is possible.
4 to 6
After establishing that an adult patient is unresponsive, you should:
assess for breathing and a pulse.
Which of the following is NOT a BLS intervention?
Cardiac monitoring
Most prehospital cardiac arrests in adults occur as the result of:
a cardiac dysrhythmia
Which of the following statements regarding ventricular fibrillation (VF) is correct?
VF results in an absence of forward blood flow
You and your partner arrive at the side of a 60-year-old woman who collapsed about 7 minutes ago. She is unresponsive, apneic, and pulseless. You should:
begin CPR and apply the AED as soon as it is available.
Which of the following statements regarding the use of an AED in children is correct?
AEDs can be used safely on infants and children by using pediatric pads and an energy reducer.
Your partner is performing one-rescuer CPR on a middle-aged woman in cardiac arrest. When you apply the AED pads, you note that she has a medication patch over the same area where one of the AED pads will be placed. You should:
remove the medication patch, wipe away any medication residue, and apply the AED pad.
Which of the following maneuvers should be used to open a patient’s airway when a spinal injury is suspected?
Jaw thrust
Several attempts to adequately open a trauma patient’s airway with the jaw-thrust maneuver have been unsuccessful. You should:
carefully perform the head tilt-chin lift maneuver.
A patient should be placed in the recovery position when he or she:
is unresponsive, uninjured, and breathing adequately.
When performing chest compressions on an adult, the EMT should compress:
It least 2 inches
When ventilating an apneic adult with a bag-mask device, you should deliver each breath:
while watching for adequate chest rise.
Gastric distention will MOST likely occur:
if you ventilate a patient too quickly.
If gastric distention begins to make positive-pressure ventilation difficult, you should:
reposition the patient’s airway
CPR will NOT be effective if the patient is:
Prime
You should deliver chest compressions to an unresponsive adult patient in cardiac arrest by:
compressing the sternum between the nipples.
Complications associated with chest compressions include all of the following, EXCEPT:
gastric distention
A 60-year-old man is found to be unresponsive, pulseless, and apneic. You should:
begin CPR until an AED is available.
To ensure that you will deliver the appropriate number of chest compressions during one-rescuer adult CPR, you should compress the patient’s chest at a rate of:
100 to 120 compressions per minute.
In two-rescuer adult CPR, you should deliver a compression to ventilation ratio of:
30:2
After an advanced airway device has been inserted during two-rescuer CPR, you should:
deliver one rescue breath every 6 seconds.
While rescuer one is finishing his or her fifth cycle of 30 compressions, rescuer two should:
move to the opposite side of the patient’s chest.
The impedance threshold device (ITD) may improve circulation during active compression-decompression CPR by:
limiting the amount of air that enters the lungs during the recoil phase between chest compressions, which results in negative intrathoracic pressure and improved cardiac filling.
The main benefit of using a mechanical piston device for chest compressions is:
the elimination of rescuer fatigue that results from manual compressions.
In most cases, cardiopulmonary arrest in infants and children is caused by:
respiratory arrest.
The proper depth of chest compressions on a 9-month-old infant is:
one third the diameter of the chest, or about 1½ inches.
What is the minimum number of chest compressions that should be delivered per minute to a 4-month-old infant?
100
When assessing the pulse of an unresponsive infant, you should palpate the ________ artery.
brachial
What is the correct ratio of compressions to ventilations when performing two-rescuer child CPR?
15:2
When performing CPR on a child, you should compress the chest:
with one or two hands.
Which of the following is considered an obvious sign of death and would not require the initiation of CPR?
Dependent blood pooling
CPR should be initiated when:
a valid living will is unavailable.
Which of the following is NOT an indication to stop CPR once you have started?
Care is transferred to a bystander.
