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A&P 2 > Cardiovascular System: The Heart > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System: The Heart Flashcards

1
Q

the muscular organ that pumps blood to the pulmonary and systemic circuits

A

heart

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2
Q

Describe the position of the heart in the thoracic cavity

A

The heart is located slightly to the left in the thoracic cavity, posterior to the sternum in the mediastinum. It weighs 250–350 grams.

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3
Q

Describe the basic surface anatomy of the chambers of the heart

A

The upper chambers are the atria, and the lower chambers are the ventricles

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4
Q

What are the four hollow chambers that the heart consists of?

A
  • the superior right and left atria

* the inferior right and left ventricles

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5
Q

The superior chambers of the heart that receives blood from veins and pump blood into the ventricles

A

atria

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6
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid-filled cavities located within the brain

A

ventricles

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7
Q

An indentation found at the boundary between the atria and the ventricles

A

atrioventricular sulcus

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8
Q

A depression located between the right and left ventricles

A

interventricular sulcus

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9
Q

The right and left atria receive blood from?

A

the veins

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10
Q

blood vessels that bring blood to the heart

A

veins

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11
Q

The ventricles pump blood into blood vessels called

A

arteries

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12
Q

blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart

A

arteries

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13
Q

Why is the right side of the heart sometimes called the pulmonary pump?

A

it pumps blood into a series of blood vessels leading to and within the lungs, collectively called the pulmonary circuit

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14
Q

What kind of blood do the pulmonary arteries of the pulmonary circuit deliver to the lungs?

A

oxygen-poor and carbon dioxide-rich (deoxygenated) blood

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15
Q

Receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins and pumps it into the blood vessels that serve the rest of the body, collectively called the systemic circuit

A

the left side of the heart (systemic pump)

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16
Q

From what sources does blood flow into the upper and lower chambers of the heart? What are the destinations to which these chambers pump blood?

A

Blood from the pulmonary veins flows into the left atrium, then to the left ventricle, and then to the systemic circuit. Blood from the systemic veins flows into the right atrium, then to the right ventricle, and then to the pulmonary circuit.

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17
Q

Which side of the heart is considered the pulmonary pump? What is the destination of blood from the pulmonary pump? To which side of the heart does it return?

A

The right side of the heart is the pulmonary pump. The blood is pumped to the lungs and returns to the left side of the heart.

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18
Q

Which side of the heart is considered the systemic pump? What is the destination of blood from the systemic pump? To which side of the heart does it return?

A

The left side of the heart is the systemic pump. The blood is pumped to all tissues other than the lungs and returns to the right side of the heart.

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19
Q

How do the fibrous pericardium and the serous pericardium differ?

A

The fibrous pericardium is more superficial, and collagen makes it strong but not distensible. The serous pericardium is a serous membrane that secretes serous fluid into the pericardial cavity.

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20
Q

Where is the pericardial cavity located?

A

The pericardial cavity is a thin space between the parietal and visceral pericardia.

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21
Q

What are the three layers of the heart wall, and of what types of tissues are they composed?

A

From superficial to deep, the three layers are the visceral pericardium or epicardium (serous membrane), the myocardium (cardiac muscle and irregular collagenous connective tissue), and the endocardium (endothelium and several layers of connective tissue with elastic and collagen fibers).

22
Q

membranous structure surrounding the heart

A

pericardium

23
Q

The pericardium is a sac with two components which include

A
  • fibrous pericardium

* serous pericardium

24
Q

a tough outer layer that attaches the heart to surrounding structures

A

fibrous pericardium

25
Q

a thin inner serous membrane that produces serous fluid

A

serous pericardium

26
Q

fused to the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium, encases the heart like a sac, but when it reaches the great vessels, it folds under itself and forms another layer that adheres directly to the heart

A

parietal pericardium

27
Q

the set of arteries, capillaries, and veins that supply blood to and drain blood from the myocardium of the heart

A

coronary circulation

28
Q

Where is the right coronary artery located? What are its main brushes, and what do they supply?

A

*The right coronary artery follows the right atrioventricular sulcus and supplies the right atrium and ventricle.
*Its branches include the marginal artery, which supplies the right ventricle, and the posterior interventricular artery,
*which helps supply the interventricular septum and medial parts of both
ventricles

29
Q

Where is the left coronary artery located? What are its main branches, and what do they supply?

A

The left coronary artery crosses to the left behind the pulmonary trunk.
*Its branches include the anterior intraventricular
artery, which supplies the interventricular septum and much of the left ventricle, and the circumflex artery, *which supplies the left atrium and parts of the left ventricle.

30
Q

What is the largest vein that drains the coronary circulation called, where is it located?

A

The largest vein is the great cardiac vein, which ascends along the anterior interventricular sulcus and then tracks posteriorly along the left atrioventricular sulcus.

31
Q

What are the four main great vessels? From which structure(s) does vessel receive blood? To which structure(s) does each vessel deliver blood?

A

The superior and inferior venae cavae receive blood from systemic veins superior and inferior to the diaphragm, respectively, and deliver it to the right atrium.
The pulmonary trunk receives blood from the right ventricle and delivers it to the
lungs.
The pulmonary veins receive blood from the lungs and
deliver it to the left atrium.
The aorta receives blood from the left ventricle and delivers it to the systemic arteries.

32
Q

How do the right and left ventricles differ in size and shape?

A

The right ventricle is wider and has thinner walls than the left ventricle, so it has less cardiac muscle tissue. The right ventricle is also crescent-shaped in cross-section, whereas the left ventricle is longer and circular in cross-section

33
Q

Why do you think it is important for heart valves to ensure that blood flows in only one direction in the heart?

A

Without one-way valves, contraction of the ventricles could force blood back into the atria, and relaxation of the ventricles could allow blood to flow backward from the aorta and pulmonary arteries.

34
Q

What is the overall pathway of blood flow through the heart, beginning and ending with the systemic capillaries , and including the valves and great vessels?

A

. Systemic capillaries → systemic veins → superior/inferior venae cavae → right atrium → tricuspid valve → right ventricle
→ pulmonary valve → pulmonary trunk → pulmonary arteries → pulmonary capillaries → pulmonary veins → left atrium → mitral valve → left ventricle → aortic valve → ascending aorta → systemic arteries → systemic capillaries

35
Q

What are the two types of heart valves?

A

Atrioventricular

Semilunar

36
Q

What are the two types of atrioventricular valves?

A

AV Left: Mitral (bicuspid) valve

AV Right: Tricuspid valve

37
Q

What are the two types of semilunar valves?

A

Pulmonary valve

Aortic valve

38
Q

On the heart model what color are the small/bigger veins and arteries?

A

Big Arteries- Blue
Small arteries- Red
Big Veins- Red
Small veins- Blue

39
Q

What are the steps of the conduction system of the heart?

A 
Sinoatrial Node
Internodal Pathway
Atrioventricular Node
Atrioventricular Bundle
Right Bundle Branch
Left Bundle Branch
Purkinje Fibers
40
Q

What does the P wave represent?

A

depolarization in the atria (followed by atrial systole)

41
Q

What does the QRS complex represent?

A

depolarization in the ventricles (followed by ventricular systole)

42
Q

What does the P wave represent?

A

repolarization in the ventricles (followed by ventricular diastole)

43
Q

What does systole mean?

A

contraction

44
Q

what does diastole mean?

A

relaxation or at rest

45
Q

What does the cardiovascular system consists of?

A

Heart, Blood, and Blood Vessels

46
Q

What is the left side of the heart called?

A

Systemic Pump

47
Q

What is the right side of the heart called?

A

Pulmonary Pump

48
Q

Main veins and arteries that bring blood to and from heart

A

The Great Vessels

49
Q

Homeostasis of pressure that blood exerts on the blood vessels

A

Blood Pressure

50
Q

What hormone does the heart produces and for what reason does it produce this hormone?

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) hormone that lows blood pressure by decreasing sodium ion retention in the kidneys

51
Q

A disease that results in the buildup of fatty material called plaques in coronary arteries

A

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

52
Q

What is the function of valves?

A

to close flaps when the ventricles are contracting, keeping blood from moving backwards

A&P 2 (3 decks)

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