Blood Flashcards
1
Q
a fluid connective tissue that circulate through the body’s blood vessels at all times
A
Blood
2
Q
liquid extracellular matrix
A
Plasma
3
Q
cells and cell fragments that are suspended into the plasma
A
Formed elements
4
Q
what are the major components of blood?
A
Plasma and formed elements
5
Q
what are the three types of formed elements?
A
Erythrocytes (red blood cells), Leukocytes (white blood cells), and Platelets (tiny cellular fragments)
6
Q
what are the three layers of blood?
A
Plasma, Buffy coat, and Erythrocytes
7
Q
top layer off blood which constitutes about 55% of the total blood volume
A
Plasma
8
Q
middle layer of blood which makes only 1% of the total blood volume. consists of platelets and leukocytes
A
Buffy coat
9
Q
the bottom layer of blood which makes up the remaining 44% of blood. Dark red and consists of erythrocytes
A
Erythrocytes (hematocrit)
10
Q
what are the functions of blood?
A
- Exchanging gases
- Distributing solutes
- Performing immune functions
- Maintaining body temperature
- Functioning in blood clotting
- Preserving acid-based homeostasis
- Stabilizing blood pressure
11
Q
what are the components of plasma?
A
Water (90% of plasma) and Plasma proteins (9% of plasma)
12
Q
what are the three major plasma proteins?
A
- Albumin
- Immune Proteins
- Transport Proteins
- Clotting Proteins
13
Q
maintains osmotic pressure (produced by the liver)
A
Albumin
14
Q
produced by leukocytes, function in immunity
A
Immune Proteins
15
Q
bind and transport hydrophobic molecules through the blood.
A
Transport Proteins
16
Q
function in blood clotting
A
Clotting Proteins
17
Q
how do blood maintain homeostasis in the body?
A
Regulation of body temperature
pH
Blood Pressure
18
Q
what is the male blood volume (hematocrit)?
A
40-50%
19
Q
what is the female blood volume (hematocrit)?
A
36-44%
20
Q
small cells that are biconcave in shape, lack nuclei and most organelles, and contain enzymes and billions of hemoglobin molecules. function is gas exchange.
A
Erythrocytes
21
Q
Structure and function of an Erythrocyte
A
the shape and composition of an erythrocyte facilitate its transport of oxygen through the blood
22
Q
oxygen-binding protein
A
hemoglobin (Hb)
23
Q
what is hemoglobin broken down into?
A
4 polypeptide subunits:
2 alpha chains, 2 beta chains
heme group
24
Q
an iron-containing compound bound to a polypeptide
A
Heme group
25
a molecule formed in parts of the body where oxygen concentrations are high (bind to oxygen)
Oxyhemoglobin (HbO2)
26
a molecule formed in parts of the body where oxygen concentrations are low (release oxygen)
Deoxyhemoglobin
27
when hemoglobin binds to carbon dioxide it forms what?
Carbaminohemoglobin
28
when hemoglobin binds to carbon monoxide it forms what?
Carboxyhemoglobin
29
process that produces the formed elements in blood. occurs in red bone marrow.
Hematopoiesis
30
the formation of erythrocytes
Erythropoiesis
31
what is the process of erythropoiesis?
Hematopoietic stem cell -> Erythrocyte- CFU -> Proerythroblast -> Early Erythroblast -> Late Erythroblast -> Reticulocyte -> Erythrocyte
32
how do erythropietin regulate erythropoiesis?
Negative Feedback Loop:
* Stimulus- blood levels of O2 fall below normal
* Receptor- Kidney cells detect falling O2 levels
* Control Center- kidneys produce more erythropietin (EPO) and release it into the blood
* Effector/Response- Production of erythrocytes increases
* Homeostasis- Blood levels of oxygen arise to normal
33
decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood
Anemia
34
the most common anemia, which is due to inadequate dietary iron, reduced intestinal absorption of dietary iron,or slow blood loss (menstruation).
Iron-deficiency anemia
35
an anemia that results from vitamin B12 deficiency, which interferes with DNA synthesis of rapidly dividing cells, including hematopoietic cells in bone marrow.
Pernicious Anemia
36
an anemia that includes bacteria infections, diseases of the immune system or liver, and lead poisoning from erythrocyte destruction.
Hemolytic Anemia
37
an anemia that results in red bone marrow to stop making erythrocytes.
Aplastic Anemia
38
the most common cause of abnormal hemoglobin called hemoglobin S or HbS, individuals have two copies of the defective gene
sickle-cell disease
39
individuals with a single copy of a defective gene
sickle-cell anemia
40
what are the symptoms of anemia?
pale skin, fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath.
41
what are the three primary causes of anemia?
* decreased amount of hemoglobin
* decreased hematocrit
* abnormal hemoglobin
42
are larger than erthrocytes and have a prominent nuclei
leukocytes (white blood cells)
43
what are the two varieties that leukocytes come in?
* Granulocytes
| * Agranulocytes
44
a leukocyte that contain cytoplasmic granules that the cells release when activated.
Granulocyte
45
a leukocyte that lacks cytoplasmic granules
Agranulocyte
46
what are the three categories of granulocytes?
* Neutrophils
* Eosinophils
* Basophils
47
most common type of leukocyte, making up 60-70% of total leukocytes in the blood
Neutrophils
48
relatively rare leukocyte that account for less than 4% of total leukocytes in blood and it takes up the dye eosin and therefore appear red
Eosinophils
49
the least common leukocyte, make up less than 1% total leukocytes in blood and take up basic dye methylene blue which stain their granules dark purple-blue
Basophils
50
what are the two categories for agranulocyte?
* Lymphocytes
| * Monocytes
51
the second most numerous type of leukocyte that makes up 20-25% of total leukocytes in the blood and they contain large spherical nuclei and a thim rim of cytoplasm that is visible when stained
Lymphocytes
52
what are the two basic types of lymphocytes?
* B lymphocytes (B cells)
| * T lymphocytes (T cells)
53
glycoproteins that are present on all cells and most biological molecules that activates B and T lymphocytes.
Antigens
54
bind antigens and remove them from tissues
Antibodies
55
a type of lymphocyte that produce proteins called antibodies
B lymphocyte
56
a type of lymphocyte that does not produce proteins called antibodies
T lymphocyte
57
the largest leukocytes which account for 3-8% of the total leukocyte population
Monocytes
58
ingest dead and dying cells, bacteria, antigens, and other cellular debris
Macrophages
59
process caused by cellular injury
Chemotaxis
60
an important test for anemia and other conditions where blood is drawn and examined under a microscope or by an automated analyzer to evaluate the number and characteristics of blood cells
Complete Blood Count ( CBC)
61
several cancers of the blood cells or bone marrow
Leukemias
62
formation of leukocytes
Leukopoiesis
63
what are the two lines that hematopoietic stem cells divide into in leukopoiesis?
* Myeloid cell line
| * Lymphoid cell line
64
the cell line in leukopoiesis that produces most of the formed elements, including erythrocytes and platelets
Myeloid cell line
65
the cell line in leukopoiesis that forms leukocytes
Lymphoid cell line
66
are not true cells, but are instead small fragments of cells surrounded by a plasma membrane
Platelets
67
precursor cells derived from the myeloid cell line in platelet formation
Megakaryoblasts
68
in platelet formation thess cells undergo repeated rounds of mitosis but do not undergo cytokinesis during anaphase and telephase of mitosis
Megakaryocytes
69
a series of events that form a gelatinous blood clot to "plug" a broken vessel. (blood stoppage)
Hemostasis
70
what are the five steps of hemostasis?
* Vascular Spasm
* Platelet Plug Formation
* Coagulation
* Clot Retraction
* Thrombolysis
71
a plug that consists primarily of platelets that stops bleeding completely.
Platelet plug
72
the binding of vWF and collagen to platelets triggers a series of events in platelets.
Platelet activation
73
causes platelets to clump together forming the platelet plug.
Platelet Aggregation
74
a sticky, threadlike protein that binds platelets, endothelial cells, and other formed elements together.
Fibrin
75
process of fibrin converting the soft, liquid platelet plug into a more solid mass
Coagulation
76
enzymes produced by the liver that circulate in the blood in their inactive forms.
Clotting factors
77
fibrin in plasma in its inactive form is called?
Fibrinogen
78
the process of fibrinogen being converted into fibrin through a series of reactions that occur at the surface of platelets and/or damaged endothelial cells
Coagulation cascade
79
what are the two pathways that the coagulation cascade proceed by?
* intrinsic pathway
| * extrinsic pathway
80
process that brings the edges of the wounded vessel closer together, much as sutures (or stitches) do with the edges of a skin wound.
Clot Retraction
81
a fluid consisting of plasma minus the clotting proteins (squeezed out of a during clot retraction)
Serum
82
a process when a blood clot dissolves after a wound has healed
Thrombolysis
83
the breakdown of the fibrin glue that was produced in the coagulation cascde
Fibrinolysis
84
Explain the role of positive feedback in blood clotting?
1.)damage to the blood vessel wall releases chemicals to begin the process of blood clotting 2.) each step release chemicals to accelerate the process 3.)blood clot is formed which patches the vessel wall and stops the bleeding.
85
what are the steps in the intrinsic pathway?
* Exposed collagen fibers activate factor
* Factors XI and IX become activated
* Factors IXa and VIIa along with calcium ions form an send enzyme complex that activates factor X
86
what are the steps in the extrinsic pathway?
* Subendothelial cells display tissue factor
* Tissue factor activates factor VII
* Factor VIIa, tissue factor, and calcium ions form an enzyme complex that activates factor X
87
regulation of blood clotting
Endothelial cells produce chemicals (prostacyclin and nitric oxide) that regulates the first and second stages of clot formation
88
chemical that inhibits platelet aggregation
Prostacyclin
89
chemical that causes vasodilation
Nitric Acid
90
when blood is removed from a donor and given to a recipient
Blood Transfusion
91
carbohydrate chains that are genetically determined.
Blood Group
92
this blood group features the A antigen and the B antigen
ABO blood group
93
this blood type have only the A antigen present on the erythrocytes
Type A
94
this blood type have only the B antigen is present
Type B
95
this blood type have both A and B antigens present
Type AB
96
this blood type does not have neither the A or B antigen present
Type O
97
process of destruction of the erythrocytes by agglutination
Hemolysis
98
when antibodies cause bound antigens to clump together
Agglutination
99
destroys the donor erythrocytes, possibly leading to kidney failure and death
Transfusion Reaction
100
an individual with the blood type O who is able to donate blood to any blood type due to the absence of A, B, and Rh antigens on his or her erythrocytes.
Universal Donor
101
an individual with the blood type AB+ who is able to receive donated blood from any blood type due to the absence of anti- A, anti- B, and anti- Rh antibodies in his or her plasma.
Universal Recipient
102
this blood type have Rh antigens present on erythrocytes
Rh Blood Type
103
during birth, fetal erythrocytes enters the mother blood, which stimulates her immune system to produce anti- Rh antibodies
Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn
104
What are the two major groups of erythrocyte antigens?
ABO blood group
Rh blood group
105
What are the two types of lymphocytes?
B lymphocytes
T lymphocytes
106
This type of lymphocyte secrete antibodies that bind to individual antigens.
B lymphocytes
107
This type of lymphocyte direct destroy cancer or virally infected cells and activate other parts of the immune system.
T lymphocytes
108
A collection of platelets, clotting proteins, and other formed elements. (Hint. Hemostasis)
Blood Clot
109
What are the three antibodies that may be present in blood?
anti-A antibodies
anti-B antibodies
anti-Rh antibodies
110
How is blood type determined?
Treating erythrocytes with anti-A, anti-B, and anti-Rh antibodies and watching for agglutination reactions.
111
What are the basis for blood matching in a blood transfusion?
Antigens and Antibodies
112
Which blood type is the universal donor and why?
Type O- is the universal donor because it lacks antigens for ABO and Rh groups.
113
Which blood type is the universal recipient and why?
Type AB+ is the universal recipient because the plasma in these individuals lacks anti-A, anti-B, and anti-Rh antibodies.
114
What are the eight major blood types?
```
AB+
AB-
A+
A-
B+
B-
O+
O-
```
115
This blood type is the universal recipient, have A/B/Rh antigens present, no antibodies present, and may donate to AB+
Blood Type AB+
116
This blood type have A and B antigens present, Rh antibodies present, may receive from AB-/A-/B-/O-, and may donate to AB+/AB-
Blood Type AB-
117
This blood type have A and Rh antigen present, anti-Rh antibodies, may receive from A+/A-/O+/O-, may donate to AB+ and A+
Blood Type A+
118
This blood type have A antigens present, anti-B/anti-Rh antibodies present, may receive from A-/O-, may donate to AB+/AB-/A-/A+
Blood Type A-
119
This blood type have B/Rh antigens present, anti-A antibodies, may receive from B+/B-/O+/O-, may donate to AB+/B+
Blood Type B+
120
This blood type have B antigens, anti-A/anti-Rh antibodies, may receive from B-/O-, may donate to AB+/AB-/B+/B-
Blood Type B-
121
This blood type have Rh antigens, anti-A/anti-B antibodies, may receive from O+/O-, may donate to AB+/A+/B+/O+
Blood Type O+
122
This blood type is the universal donor, have no antigens present, have anti-A/anti-B/anti-Rh antibodies, may receive from O-
Blood Type O-
