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A&P 2 > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

a fluid connective tissue that circulate through the body’s blood vessels at all times

A

Blood

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2
Q

liquid extracellular matrix

A

Plasma

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3
Q

cells and cell fragments that are suspended into the plasma

A

Formed elements

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4
Q

what are the major components of blood?

A

Plasma and formed elements

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5
Q

what are the three types of formed elements?

A

Erythrocytes (red blood cells), Leukocytes (white blood cells), and Platelets (tiny cellular fragments)

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6
Q

what are the three layers of blood?

A

Plasma, Buffy coat, and Erythrocytes

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7
Q

top layer off blood which constitutes about 55% of the total blood volume

A

Plasma

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8
Q

middle layer of blood which makes only 1% of the total blood volume. consists of platelets and leukocytes

A

Buffy coat

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9
Q

the bottom layer of blood which makes up the remaining 44% of blood. Dark red and consists of erythrocytes

A

Erythrocytes (hematocrit)

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10
Q

what are the functions of blood?

A
  • Exchanging gases
  • Distributing solutes
  • Performing immune functions
  • Maintaining body temperature
  • Functioning in blood clotting
  • Preserving acid-based homeostasis
  • Stabilizing blood pressure
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11
Q

what are the components of plasma?

A

Water (90% of plasma) and Plasma proteins (9% of plasma)

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12
Q

what are the three major plasma proteins?

A
  • Albumin
  • Immune Proteins
  • Transport Proteins
  • Clotting Proteins
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13
Q

maintains osmotic pressure (produced by the liver)

A

Albumin

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14
Q

produced by leukocytes, function in immunity

A

Immune Proteins

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15
Q

bind and transport hydrophobic molecules through the blood.

A

Transport Proteins

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16
Q

function in blood clotting

A

Clotting Proteins

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17
Q

how do blood maintain homeostasis in the body?

A

Regulation of body temperature
pH
Blood Pressure

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18
Q

what is the male blood volume (hematocrit)?

A

40-50%

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19
Q

what is the female blood volume (hematocrit)?

A

36-44%

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20
Q

small cells that are biconcave in shape, lack nuclei and most organelles, and contain enzymes and billions of hemoglobin molecules. function is gas exchange.

A

Erythrocytes

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21
Q

Structure and function of an Erythrocyte

A

the shape and composition of an erythrocyte facilitate its transport of oxygen through the blood

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22
Q

oxygen-binding protein

A

hemoglobin (Hb)

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23
Q

what is hemoglobin broken down into?

A

4 polypeptide subunits:
2 alpha chains, 2 beta chains
heme group

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24
Q

an iron-containing compound bound to a polypeptide

A

Heme group

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25
Q

a molecule formed in parts of the body where oxygen concentrations are high (bind to oxygen)

A

Oxyhemoglobin (HbO2)

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26
Q

a molecule formed in parts of the body where oxygen concentrations are low (release oxygen)

A

Deoxyhemoglobin

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27
Q

when hemoglobin binds to carbon dioxide it forms what?

A

Carbaminohemoglobin

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28
Q

when hemoglobin binds to carbon monoxide it forms what?

A

Carboxyhemoglobin

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29
Q

process that produces the formed elements in blood. occurs in red bone marrow.

A

Hematopoiesis

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30
Q

the formation of erythrocytes

A

Erythropoiesis

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31
Q

what is the process of erythropoiesis?

A

Hematopoietic stem cell -> Erythrocyte- CFU -> Proerythroblast -> Early Erythroblast -> Late Erythroblast -> Reticulocyte -> Erythrocyte

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32
Q

how do erythropietin regulate erythropoiesis?

A

Negative Feedback Loop:

  • Stimulus- blood levels of O2 fall below normal
  • Receptor- Kidney cells detect falling O2 levels
  • Control Center- kidneys produce more erythropietin (EPO) and release it into the blood
  • Effector/Response- Production of erythrocytes increases
  • Homeostasis- Blood levels of oxygen arise to normal
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33
Q

decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood

A

Anemia

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34
Q

the most common anemia, which is due to inadequate dietary iron, reduced intestinal absorption of dietary iron,or slow blood loss (menstruation).

A

Iron-deficiency anemia

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35
Q

an anemia that results from vitamin B12 deficiency, which interferes with DNA synthesis of rapidly dividing cells, including hematopoietic cells in bone marrow.

A

Pernicious Anemia

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36
Q

an anemia that includes bacteria infections, diseases of the immune system or liver, and lead poisoning from erythrocyte destruction.

A

Hemolytic Anemia

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37
Q

an anemia that results in red bone marrow to stop making erythrocytes.

A

Aplastic Anemia

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38
Q

the most common cause of abnormal hemoglobin called hemoglobin S or HbS, individuals have two copies of the defective gene

A

sickle-cell disease

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39
Q

individuals with a single copy of a defective gene

A

sickle-cell anemia

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40
Q

what are the symptoms of anemia?

A

pale skin, fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath.

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41
Q

what are the three primary causes of anemia?

A
  • decreased amount of hemoglobin
  • decreased hematocrit
  • abnormal hemoglobin
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42
Q

are larger than erthrocytes and have a prominent nuclei

A

leukocytes (white blood cells)

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43
Q

what are the two varieties that leukocytes come in?

A
  • Granulocytes

* Agranulocytes

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44
Q

a leukocyte that contain cytoplasmic granules that the cells release when activated.

A

Granulocyte

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45
Q

a leukocyte that lacks cytoplasmic granules

A

Agranulocyte

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46
Q

what are the three categories of granulocytes?

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils
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47
Q

most common type of leukocyte, making up 60-70% of total leukocytes in the blood

A

Neutrophils

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48
Q

relatively rare leukocyte that account for less than 4% of total leukocytes in blood and it takes up the dye eosin and therefore appear red

A

Eosinophils

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49
Q

the least common leukocyte, make up less than 1% total leukocytes in blood and take up basic dye methylene blue which stain their granules dark purple-blue

A

Basophils

50
Q

what are the two categories for agranulocyte?

A
  • Lymphocytes

* Monocytes

51
Q

the second most numerous type of leukocyte that makes up 20-25% of total leukocytes in the blood and they contain large spherical nuclei and a thim rim of cytoplasm that is visible when stained

A

Lymphocytes

52
Q

what are the two basic types of lymphocytes?

A
  • B lymphocytes (B cells)

* T lymphocytes (T cells)

53
Q

glycoproteins that are present on all cells and most biological molecules that activates B and T lymphocytes.

A

Antigens

54
Q

bind antigens and remove them from tissues

A

Antibodies

55
Q

a type of lymphocyte that produce proteins called antibodies

A

B lymphocyte

56
Q

a type of lymphocyte that does not produce proteins called antibodies

A

T lymphocyte

57
Q

the largest leukocytes which account for 3-8% of the total leukocyte population

A

Monocytes

58
Q

ingest dead and dying cells, bacteria, antigens, and other cellular debris

A

Macrophages

59
Q

process caused by cellular injury

A

Chemotaxis

60
Q

an important test for anemia and other conditions where blood is drawn and examined under a microscope or by an automated analyzer to evaluate the number and characteristics of blood cells

A

Complete Blood Count ( CBC)

61
Q

several cancers of the blood cells or bone marrow

A

Leukemias

62
Q

formation of leukocytes

A

Leukopoiesis

63
Q

what are the two lines that hematopoietic stem cells divide into in leukopoiesis?

A
  • Myeloid cell line

* Lymphoid cell line

64
Q

the cell line in leukopoiesis that produces most of the formed elements, including erythrocytes and platelets

A

Myeloid cell line

65
Q

the cell line in leukopoiesis that forms leukocytes

A

Lymphoid cell line

66
Q

are not true cells, but are instead small fragments of cells surrounded by a plasma membrane

A

Platelets

67
Q

precursor cells derived from the myeloid cell line in platelet formation

A

Megakaryoblasts

68
Q

in platelet formation thess cells undergo repeated rounds of mitosis but do not undergo cytokinesis during anaphase and telephase of mitosis

A

Megakaryocytes

69
Q

a series of events that form a gelatinous blood clot to “plug” a broken vessel. (blood stoppage)

A

Hemostasis

70
Q

what are the five steps of hemostasis?

A
  • Vascular Spasm
  • Platelet Plug Formation
  • Coagulation
  • Clot Retraction
  • Thrombolysis
71
Q

a plug that consists primarily of platelets that stops bleeding completely.

A

Platelet plug

72
Q

the binding of vWF and collagen to platelets triggers a series of events in platelets.

A

Platelet activation

73
Q

causes platelets to clump together forming the platelet plug.

A

Platelet Aggregation

74
Q

a sticky, threadlike protein that binds platelets, endothelial cells, and other formed elements together.

A

Fibrin

75
Q

process of fibrin converting the soft, liquid platelet plug into a more solid mass

A

Coagulation

76
Q

enzymes produced by the liver that circulate in the blood in their inactive forms.

A

Clotting factors

77
Q

fibrin in plasma in its inactive form is called?

A

Fibrinogen

78
Q

the process of fibrinogen being converted into fibrin through a series of reactions that occur at the surface of platelets and/or damaged endothelial cells

A

Coagulation cascade

79
Q

what are the two pathways that the coagulation cascade proceed by?

A
  • intrinsic pathway

* extrinsic pathway

80
Q

process that brings the edges of the wounded vessel closer together, much as sutures (or stitches) do with the edges of a skin wound.

A

Clot Retraction

81
Q

a fluid consisting of plasma minus the clotting proteins (squeezed out of a during clot retraction)

A

Serum

82
Q

a process when a blood clot dissolves after a wound has healed

A

Thrombolysis

83
Q

the breakdown of the fibrin glue that was produced in the coagulation cascde

A

Fibrinolysis

84
Q

Explain the role of positive feedback in blood clotting?

A

1.)damage to the blood vessel wall releases chemicals to begin the process of blood clotting 2.) each step release chemicals to accelerate the process 3.)blood clot is formed which patches the vessel wall and stops the bleeding.

85
Q

what are the steps in the intrinsic pathway?

A
  • Exposed collagen fibers activate factor
  • Factors XI and IX become activated
  • Factors IXa and VIIa along with calcium ions form an send enzyme complex that activates factor X
86
Q

what are the steps in the extrinsic pathway?

A
  • Subendothelial cells display tissue factor
  • Tissue factor activates factor VII
  • Factor VIIa, tissue factor, and calcium ions form an enzyme complex that activates factor X
87
Q

regulation of blood clotting

A

Endothelial cells produce chemicals (prostacyclin and nitric oxide) that regulates the first and second stages of clot formation

88
Q

chemical that inhibits platelet aggregation

A

Prostacyclin

89
Q

chemical that causes vasodilation

A

Nitric Acid

90
Q

when blood is removed from a donor and given to a recipient

A

Blood Transfusion

91
Q

carbohydrate chains that are genetically determined.

A

Blood Group

92
Q

this blood group features the A antigen and the B antigen

A

ABO blood group

93
Q

this blood type have only the A antigen present on the erythrocytes

A

Type A

94
Q

this blood type have only the B antigen is present

A

Type B

95
Q

this blood type have both A and B antigens present

A

Type AB

96
Q

this blood type does not have neither the A or B antigen present

A

Type O

97
Q

process of destruction of the erythrocytes by agglutination

A

Hemolysis

98
Q

when antibodies cause bound antigens to clump together

A

Agglutination

99
Q

destroys the donor erythrocytes, possibly leading to kidney failure and death

A

Transfusion Reaction

100
Q

an individual with the blood type O who is able to donate blood to any blood type due to the absence of A, B, and Rh antigens on his or her erythrocytes.

A

Universal Donor

101
Q

an individual with the blood type AB+ who is able to receive donated blood from any blood type due to the absence of anti- A, anti- B, and anti- Rh antibodies in his or her plasma.

A

Universal Recipient

102
Q

this blood type have Rh antigens present on erythrocytes

A

Rh Blood Type

103
Q

during birth, fetal erythrocytes enters the mother blood, which stimulates her immune system to produce anti- Rh antibodies

A

Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn

104
Q

What are the two major groups of erythrocyte antigens?

A

ABO blood group

Rh blood group

105
Q

What are the two types of lymphocytes?

A

B lymphocytes

T lymphocytes

106
Q

This type of lymphocyte secrete antibodies that bind to individual antigens.

A

B lymphocytes

107
Q

This type of lymphocyte direct destroy cancer or virally infected cells and activate other parts of the immune system.

A

T lymphocytes

108
Q

A collection of platelets, clotting proteins, and other formed elements. (Hint. Hemostasis)

A

Blood Clot

109
Q

What are the three antibodies that may be present in blood?

A

anti-A antibodies

anti-B antibodies

anti-Rh antibodies

110
Q

How is blood type determined?

A

Treating erythrocytes with anti-A, anti-B, and anti-Rh antibodies and watching for agglutination reactions.

111
Q

What are the basis for blood matching in a blood transfusion?

A

Antigens and Antibodies

112
Q

Which blood type is the universal donor and why?

A

Type O- is the universal donor because it lacks antigens for ABO and Rh groups.

113
Q

Which blood type is the universal recipient and why?

A

Type AB+ is the universal recipient because the plasma in these individuals lacks anti-A, anti-B, and anti-Rh antibodies.

114
Q

What are the eight major blood types?

A 
AB+
AB-
A+
A-
B+
B-
O+
O-
115
Q

This blood type is the universal recipient, have A/B/Rh antigens present, no antibodies present, and may donate to AB+

A

Blood Type AB+

116
Q

This blood type have A and B antigens present, Rh antibodies present, may receive from AB-/A-/B-/O-, and may donate to AB+/AB-

A

Blood Type AB-

117
Q

This blood type have A and Rh antigen present, anti-Rh antibodies, may receive from A+/A-/O+/O-, may donate to AB+ and A+

A

Blood Type A+

118
Q

This blood type have A antigens present, anti-B/anti-Rh antibodies present, may receive from A-/O-, may donate to AB+/AB-/A-/A+

A

Blood Type A-

119
Q

This blood type have B/Rh antigens present, anti-A antibodies, may receive from B+/B-/O+/O-, may donate to AB+/B+

A

Blood Type B+

120
Q

This blood type have B antigens, anti-A/anti-Rh antibodies, may receive from B-/O-, may donate to AB+/AB-/B+/B-

A

Blood Type B-

121
Q

This blood type have Rh antigens, anti-A/anti-B antibodies, may receive from O+/O-, may donate to AB+/A+/B+/O+

A

Blood Type O+

122
Q

This blood type is the universal donor, have no antigens present, have anti-A/anti-B/anti-Rh antibodies, may receive from O-

A

Blood Type O-

A&P 2 (3 decks)

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