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anaphy lec and lab > cardiovascular system (lec) > Flashcards

cardiovascular system (lec) Flashcards

1
Q

cardiovascular system is a.k.a?

A

circulatory system

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2
Q

circulatory system is made up of the ________ & ________.

A

pump (heart); blood vessels

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3
Q

artery carries what type of blood?

A

oxygenated blood

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4
Q

veins carries what type of blood?

A

unoxygenated blood

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5
Q

it is a muscular pump w/ 2 receiving chambers and 2 pumping chambers

A

heart

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6
Q

these are the receiving chambers

A

atria

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7
Q

these are the pumping chambers

A

ventricles

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8
Q

where is the heart located?

A

between the lungs in the middle w/ a small portion at the right side

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9
Q

location of the heart at the middle is called the?

A

mediastinum

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10
Q

the heart is the same size as a ________.

A

man’s fist

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11
Q

normal male heart weighs?

A

250-300gm

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12
Q

normal female heart weighs?

A

200-275gm

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13
Q

the apex of the heart is found anteriorly and interiorly to the left at the _______________.

A

5th intercostal space; midclavicular line

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14
Q

blood vessels has ______ closed circuits.

A

2

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15
Q

this circuit goes to lung for oxygenation

A

pulmonary circuit

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16
Q

the circuit where there is a distribution to the different tissues

A

systemic circuit

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17
Q

exchange of gases/O2 & CO2; in tissues?

A

capillaries

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18
Q

drainage system

A

veins

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19
Q

supply system

A

artery

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20
Q

covering of the heart?

A

pericardium also a.k.a as the outer covering

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21
Q

outer layer of the pericardium

A

parietal pericardium

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22
Q

inner layer of the pericardium

A

visceral pericardium/epicardium

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23
Q

space, less than 50cc of fluid

A

pericardial sac

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24
Q

3 WALLS OF THE HEART

A

epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

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25
Q

external, visceral layer of the serous pericardium

A

epicardium

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26
Q

thickest, middle muscular layer

A

myocardium

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27
Q

inner layer of the heart

A

endocardium

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28
Q

only artery in adult to carry unoxygenated blood

A

pulmonary artery

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29
Q

only vein in adult that carries oxygenated blood

A

pulmonary vein

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30
Q

duplication of the endocardium

A

valves

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31
Q

right border of the heart

A

right atrium

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32
Q

drains the head and the upper limb

A

SVC

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33
Q

drains the lower limb, abdomen, thorax

A

IVC

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34
Q

major drainage of the heart

A

coronary sinus

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35
Q

in fetus, open because its a shunt

A

fossa ovalis

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36
Q

what is the circulatory pathway of the blood?

A

RA –> RV –> PULMONARY ARTERY (only artery in adult to carry unoxygenated blood –> LUNGS (becomes oxygenated blood) –> PULMONARY VEIN (only vein in adult that carries oxygenated blood) –> LA –> LV –> OUT TO THE AORTA

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37
Q

RIGHT ATRIUM receives venous blood from?

A
  • superior vena cava = drains the head and upper limb
    * IVC = drains the lower limb, abdomen, thorax
    * anterior cardiac veins
    * vena cordis minimae
    * the coronary sinus = major drainage of the heart
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38
Q

this usually closes shortly before birth, during birth, or after birth

A

fossa ovalis

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39
Q

non-closure of the fossa ovalis leads to what disorder? how to treat?

A

ASD (ATRIOSEPTAL DEFECT), no medications; only by operation

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40
Q

forming most of the anterior surface of the heart

A

right ventricle

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41
Q

this is the upper most part of the wall of the RV; has no muscular bundles & leads to the PA

A

infundibulum

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42
Q

irregular muscular ridges that holds more blood; makes the RV rough

A

trabeculae carnae

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43
Q

attaches to the chordae tendinae

A

papillary muscles

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44
Q

pulls the papillary muscles during opening & relaxes or returns it back during closing

A

chordae tendinae or chordae tendina (sing.)

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45
Q

according to embryology, RV is from the _______.

A

bulbus cordis

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46
Q

attaches to the lips of the tricuspid valve

A

chordae tendinae

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47
Q

how many cusps for tricuspid valve?

A

three cusps/three lips

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48
Q

moderator band a.k.a?

A

septomarginal band

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49
Q
  • is the muscular band attached to the septal wall of the anterior margin
  • prevents overdistention of the RV
  • present only in the RV
A

moderator band/septomarginal band

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50
Q

base of the heart

A

left atrium

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51
Q
  • quadrilateral in shape
    • receives blood from the pulmonary veins
    • blood leaves the LA via the mitral valve or the mitral orifice (opening of the mitral valve)
A

left atrium

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52
Q

opening of the mitral valve?

A

mitral orifice

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53
Q

apex of the heart

A

left ventricle

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54
Q
  • cavity is longer & narrower than RV
    • walls are 3x thicker than the RV due to the increase pressure that propels to the arterial system -> AORTA
    • apex of the heart at the 5th ICS and midclavicular line
A

left ventricle

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55
Q

composed of the tricuspid valve/right atrioventricular valve & the mitral/bicuspid valve

A

atrioventricular valves

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56
Q

composed of the aortic and pulmonic valve

A

semilunar valves

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57
Q
  • has 3 cusps
  • guards the RA from the RV’s contraction
A

tricuspid/right atrioventricular valve

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58
Q
  • has 2 cusps
  • guards the backflow of blood towards the LA when LV pumps towards the AORTA
A

mitral/bicuspid valve

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59
Q

guards the aorta

A

aortic valve

60
Q

guards the pulmonary artery

A

pulmonic valve

61
Q

structures that separates the chambers

A

septa

62
Q

septa are structures made up of _________ & __________.

A

fibrous tissues & components of muscles

63
Q

separates the L and R atrium

A

interatrial septum

64
Q

separates the L and R ventricles

A

interventricular septum

65
Q

blockage of the arteries due stress, diabetic px, or congenital anomalies

A

atherosclerosis

66
Q

death of tissues

A

necrosis/infarction

67
Q

death of cardiac tissues

A

myocardial infarction or heart attack

68
Q

blood supply of the heart comes from the?

A

coronary arteries

69
Q

venous drainage of the heart is through the?

A

coronary sinus (seldomly gets blocked)

70
Q

commonly blocked arteries?

A

arterial system of the heart

71
Q

what are the 2 nerve supplies of the heart?

A

parasympathetic & sympathetic

72
Q

what nerve is involved in the parasympathetic supply of the heart?

A

vagus nerve/CN X/cranial nerve ten/CN 10

73
Q

parasympathetic is ______ to the heart.

A

inhibitory

74
Q

sympathetic is ________ to the heart.

A

excitatory

75
Q

an example of a sympathetic drug that excites the heart

A

epinephrine

76
Q

another sympathetic drug for tx of asthma that excites heart rate (generic & brand name)

A

Terbutaline (Bricanyl)

77
Q

the first organ to work in fetus and the last organ to stop

A

heart

78
Q

____ cardiac death but brain dead or death

A

no

79
Q

pacemaker of the heart, commences heartbeat

A

sinu-atrial node / SA node

80
Q

heart is ______ and _______.

A

automatic, rhythmic

81
Q

found at lower part of the interatrial septum

A

atrio-ventricular node

82
Q

size of a match stick, at the interventricular septum, divides into L and R bundle branches

A

bundle of his

83
Q

beneath the endocardium distributed through out the heart, sends it (impulses) to the ventricular muscle

A

subendocardial network of Purkinje / Purkinje fibers

84
Q

a problem within the chronological nerve impulse pathway of the heart leads to?

A

arrhythmia

85
Q

specialists of the heart

A

cardiologists

86
Q

are better heard by cardiologists as their specialties

A

S3 (ventricular gallop) and S4 (atrial gallop)

87
Q
  • first sound of the heart
  • due to the closure of the AV valves (tricuspid and bicuspid)
  • lub
A

S1

88
Q
  • second sound of the heart
  • due to the closure of the semilunar valves (aortic & pulmonic valves)
  • dub
A

S2

89
Q

other heart sounds due to arrhythmia or abnormalities

A

heart murmurs

90
Q

used for the screening of heart diseases

A

ECG or electrocardiogram

91
Q
  • atrial depolarization (start of atrial contraction) from SA node -> contractile fibers in both atria
  • small upward deflection
A

p wave

92
Q

ventricular depolarization (ventricles about to contract) -> ventricular contractile fibers

A

QRS complex

93
Q
  • ventricular repolarization (relaxation) -> ventricles are starting to relax
  • dome-shaped deflection
A

t wave

94
Q

3 TYPES OF BLOOD VESSELS

A

artery, vein, capillary

95
Q

blood vessel: oxygen (O2) supply

A

arteries

96
Q

blood vessel: contains CO2

A

veins

97
Q

blood vessels: area of exchange of gases (O2 & CO2) in the tissues

A

capillaries

98
Q

blood supply system that comes from the heart?

A

arterial system

99
Q

blood supply system that goes towards and returns to heart?

A

venous system

100
Q

blood supply to heart and body is ______ type of circulatory system.

A

closed

101
Q

capillary has a diameter of ______ diameter which is exactly the same diameter of a single RBC

A

7-9 micrometer

102
Q

how many RBC can pass through the capillary at a time?

A

only 1

103
Q

CO2 is exhaled to what system?

A

pulmonary system

104
Q

thick tunica media, no valves except the pulmonic valve

A

arteries

105
Q

thick tunica adventitia, has valves

A

veins

106
Q

defective valves of the veins causes or forms?

A

varicose / varicose veins

107
Q

3 LAYERS OF THE BLOOD VESSEL

A
  1. tunica intima - inner layer
  2. tunica media - middle
  3. tunica adventitia - outermost / outside
108
Q

biggest visceral branches?

A
  1. coeliac - supplies foregut (stomach, liver)
  2. superial mesenteric - supplies midgut (starts from jejunum, illium, midtransverse column)
  3. inferior mesenteric - supplies hindgut (colon to the rectum)
109
Q

what are the arteries of the head and neck?

A

common carotid arteries

110
Q

the common carotid arteries divides into two, namely?

A

external and internal carotid artery

111
Q

carotid artery that supplies the face area

A

external carotid artery

112
Q

carotid artery that supplies the brain

A

internal carotid artery

113
Q

internal carotid artery in the brain is divided into?

A

anterior and middle cerebral artery

114
Q

vertebral artery (L and R) brought together by the posterior and anterior communicating artery

A

circle of willis

115
Q

arteries of the upper limbs?

A

subclavian arteries

116
Q

pathway of the arteries of the upper limbs?

A

axillary artery –> brachial artery –> radial artery –> ulnar artery

117
Q

pathway of the arteries of the lower limbs?

A

descending thoracic aorta > abdominal aorta > common iliac > external and internal iliac

118
Q

the external iliac pathway of the lower limbs?

A

external iliac > femoral artery > popliteal artery > anterior tibial and posterior tibial

119
Q

alternating expansion and recoil of the elastic arteries

A

pulse

120
Q

normally ____ beats per min. in an adult

A

70-80

121
Q

athletes have ______ pulse

A

lower

122
Q

pulse greater than 100?

A

tachycardia

123
Q

pulse lower than 60?

A

bradychardia

124
Q

most common area for pulse reading?

A

radial artery

125
Q

other common areas for pulse reading / sensation?

A
  • superficial temporal artery
  • facial artery
  • femoral artery - inguinal region
  • popliteal artery - back of the knee
  • dorsalis pedis - infront of the foot, to see if the blood supply of the foot is okay esp. in diabetes mellitus
  • carotid artery (biggest)
126
Q

measured by a sphygmomanometer

A

blood pressure

127
Q

the force exerted by the blood

A

blood pressure

128
Q

unit of blood pressure

A

mmHg

129
Q

highest during systole

A

systolic

130
Q

lowest pressure during diastole

A

diastolic

131
Q

first sound that appears during blood pressure monitoring

A

systole

132
Q

sound disappears during the blood pressure monitoring?

A

diastole

133
Q

normal BP?

A

120/80mmHg

134
Q

drainage system to the RA

A

veins

135
Q

drains only blood from the heart walls

A

coronary sinus

136
Q

drains blood from the rest of the body EXCEPT LUNGS

A

superior & inferior vena cava

137
Q

SUPERIOR VENA CAVA specifically drains blood from?

A

head, neck, upper limbs, and a portion of the thorax

138
Q

INFERIOR VENA CAVA specifically drains blood from the?

A

rest of the thorax, abdomen, lower limbs

139
Q
  • main venous drainage of the abdominal visceral organs (GIT); eventually drains to the IVC
  • one of the 2 main blood supplies of the liver
A

portal vein / hepatic portal vein

140
Q

the portal or hepatic portal vein is constituted by three different veins called?

A

splenic vein, superior mesenteric vein, inferior mesenteric vein

141
Q

blood from the intestines will pass through this circulation on their way to the liver

A

portal circulation

142
Q

fresh salad w/ amoeba

A

intestinal amoebiasis —> liver amoebiasis

143
Q

having intestinal cancer also means having or leading to?

A

liver cancer

144
Q

drinking alcohol which passes through the liver —> liver becomes inflammed is called?

A

alcoholic hepatitis

145
Q

artery gets blocked due to the lack / decrease of oxygen

A

ischemia

146
Q

what happens in heart attack?

A

myocardial ischemia –> death of myocardium –> myocardial infarction

147
Q

ISCHEMIA regarding PAIN SENSATION during HEART ATTACK?

A
  • pain felt sometimes
  • sometimes no pain felt ESP. for DIABETIC PX (their nerves are already destroyed = no pain) called PAINLESS HEART ATTACK

anaphy lec and lab (3 decks)

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