Cardiovascular System (Heart)

Question 1

It’s when the heart relaxes, the chambers of the heart fill with blood, and a person’s blood pressure decreases.

Answer 1

Diastole

Question 2

The upper right chamber that receives deoxygenated blood from the body via both the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava, pumping blood into the right ventricle

Answer 2

Right atrium

Question 3

Blood normally flows continually from the great veins
into the ________

Answer 3

atria

Question 4

________ carry blood away from the heart, looking bright red because it’s full of oxygen

Answer 4

Arteries

Question 5

Two circuits/circulation loop

Answer 5

Systemic circuit; pulmonary circuit

Question 6

Layer of the pericardium that acts as a barrier, a fibrous tissue that protects and anchors
the heart and makes sure that it stays in place

Answer 6

Parietal pericardium

Question 7

______ carry it back toward the heart, looking dark red because of its lack of oxygen

Answer 7

Veins

Question 8

The three layers of the heart wall

Answer 8

Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

Question 9

________ body temperature, as occurs when one has
fever, causes a greatly increased heart rate, sometimes to double normal.

Answer 9

Increased

Question 10

It is a specialized conductive system, a bundle of conductive fibers several millimeters in diameter

Answer 10

A-V bundle

Question 11

Strong stimulation of the ___________ nerve fibers in the vagus nerves to the heart can stop the heartbeat for a few seconds

Answer 11

parasympathetic

Question 12

When heart rate ________, the duration of each
cardiac cycle _________, including the contraction and
relaxation phases.

Answer 12

increases; decreases

Question 13

Two layers of the pericardium

Answer 13

Visceral pericardium
Parietal pericardium

Question 14

_________fluid fills the space
between the layers of pericardium.

Answer 14

Serous/pericardial fluid

Question 15

Cardiac muscle is a _______ of many heart muscle cells in which the cardiac cells are so interconnected that when one of these cells becomes excited, the action potential spreads to all of them, from cell to cell throughout the latticework interconnections.

Answer 15

syncytium

Question 16

Inner layer of the heart wall

Answer 16

Endocardium

Question 17

The dark areas crossing the cardiac muscle fibers in are called ___________

Answer 17

intercalated discs

Question 18

_______ prevent backflow of blood from the
ventricles to the atria during systole

Answer 18

A-V valves (the tricuspid and mitral valves)

Question 19

__________ exhibit either automatic rhythmical electrical discharge in the form of action potentials or conduction of the action potentials through the heart, providing an excitatory system that controls the rhythmical beating of the heart

Answer 19

specialized excitatory and conductive fibers

Question 20

The _____ then supply the main pumping force of the heart that propels the blood

Answer 20

ventricles

Question 21

Three major types of cardiac muscle

Answer 21

atrial muscle
ventricular muscle
conductive muscle fibers

Question 22

The heart is actually two separate pumps: a RIGHT heart that pumps blood through the _______, and a LEFT heart that pumps blood through the _________.

Answer 22

lungs; peripheral organs

Question 23

_________ pericardium produce pericardial fluid, lubricating the heart

Answer 23

Serous

Question 24

________ pericardium attach great vessels (top of heart) to central tendon of diaphragm (bottom of heart)

Answer 24

Fibrous

Question 25

A fibrous sac that lubricate heart, prevent friction, and maintain hollow space for heart expansion

Answer 25

Pericardium

Question 26

These are the semilunar valves

Answer 26

aortic and pulmonary artery valves

Question 27

___________ are cell membranes that separate individual cardiac muscle cells from one another, ensuring that the cardiac muscle functions as a single and well-coordinated unit

Answer 27

Intercalated discs

Question 28

Two main chambers of the heart

Answer 28

Atrium Ventricle

Question 29

The strength of contraction of cardiac muscle depends to a great extent on the concentration of _________ ions in the extracellular fluids.

Answer 29

calcium

Question 30

Excess _________ in the extracellular fluids causes the heart to become dilated and flaccid and also slows the heart rate.

Answer 30

potassium

Question 31

high pressure caused by ventricular contraction

Answer 31

Systole

Question 32

_______ increases the permeability of the cardiac muscle membrane to ions that control heart rate, resulting in acceleration of the self-excitation process.

Answer 32

Heat

Question 33

______________ refers to the mechanism by which the action potential causes the myofibrils of muscle to contract.

Answer 33

Excitation-contraction coupling

Question 34

These are the A-V valves

Answer 34

tricuspid valve mitral valve

Question 35

Innermost layer of the pericardium

Answer 35

Visceral pericardium

Question 36

__________ prevent backflow from the aorta and pulmonary arteries into the ventricles during diastole

Answer 36

Semilunar valves (the aortic and pulmonary artery valves)

Question 37

Two Serous Pericardium Layers

Answer 37

Parietal (outside pericardial cavity) Visceral (directly outside of heart)

Question 38

The outside layer of the heart wall

Answer 38

Epicardium

Question 39

the rate of oxygen consumption by the heart is an excellent measure of the _______ energy liberated while the heart performs its work.

Answer 39

chemical

Question 40

[Reason for Long Action Potential and Plateau] the _________ (increased, decreased) potassium permeability greatly decreases the outflux of positively charged potassium ions during the action potential plateau and thereby prevents early return of the action potential voltage to its resting level.

Answer 40

decreased

Question 41

________ cells keep the heart beating at the correct rhythm and ensure that each cardiac muscle cell contracts in coordination with the others.

Answer 41

Pacemaker

Question 42

The __________ and _________ are the big exception to the artery/vein, oxygen/no oxygen rule

Answer 42

pulmonary veins and arteries

Question 43

Middle layer of the heart wall

Answer 43

Myocardium

Question 44

__________ stimulation increases the force of heart contraction to as much as double normal, thereby increasing the volume of blood pumped and increasing the ejection pressure.

Answer 44

sympathetic

Question 45

They are the receiving chambers

Answer 45

Atria

Question 46

The circulatory system is a _____ tubular system

Answer 46

closed

Question 47

__________ allow rapid diffusion of ions so action potentials travel easily from one cardiac muscle cell to the next, past the intercalated discs.

Answer 47

Gap junctions

Question 48

It is a double serous membrane that lines the entire heart.

Answer 48

Pericardium

Question 49

a big vessel that splits to form the left and right pulmonary arteries

Answer 49

Pulmonary trunk

Question 50

The upper left chamber that receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins, pumping it into the left ventricle

Answer 50

Left atrium

Question 51

Each ______ is a weak primer pump for the ventricle, helping to move blood into the ventricle.

Answer 51

atrium

Question 52

Each cycle in cardiac cycle is initiated by spontaneous generation of an action potential in the _________

Answer 52

sinus node

Question 53

The lower right chamber that receives blood from the right atrium, carrying blood to the lungs to be oxygenated via pulmonary artery

Answer 53

Right ventricle

Question 54

The cardiac events that occur from the beginning of one heartbeat to the beginning of the next

Answer 54

Cardiac cycle

Question 55

The lower left chamber that receives blood from the left atrium, pumping it into the aorta

Answer 55

Left ventricle