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General Physiology (Midterm) > Cardiovascular System (Heart) > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System (Heart) Flashcards

1
Q

It’s when the heart relaxes, the chambers of the heart fill with blood, and a person’s blood pressure decreases.

A

Diastole

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2
Q

The upper right chamber that receives deoxygenated blood from the body via both the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava, pumping blood into the right ventricle

A

Right atrium

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3
Q

Blood normally flows continually from the great veins
into the ________

A

atria

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4
Q

________ carry blood away from the heart, looking bright red because it’s full of oxygen

A

Arteries

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5
Q

Two circuits/circulation loop

A

Systemic circuit; pulmonary circuit

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6
Q

Layer of the pericardium that acts as a barrier, a fibrous tissue that protects and anchors
the heart and makes sure that it stays in place

A

Parietal pericardium

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7
Q

______ carry it back toward the heart, looking dark red because of its lack of oxygen

A

Veins

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8
Q

The three layers of the heart wall

A

Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

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9
Q

________ body temperature, as occurs when one has
fever, causes a greatly increased heart rate, sometimes to double normal.

A

Increased

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10
Q

It is a specialized conductive system, a bundle of conductive fibers several millimeters in diameter

A

A-V bundle

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11
Q

Strong stimulation of the ___________ nerve fibers in the vagus nerves to the heart can stop the heartbeat for a few seconds

A

parasympathetic

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12
Q

When heart rate ________, the duration of each
cardiac cycle _________, including the contraction and
relaxation phases.

A

increases; decreases

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13
Q

Two layers of the pericardium

A

Visceral pericardium
Parietal pericardium

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14
Q

_________fluid fills the space
between the layers of pericardium.

A

Serous/pericardial fluid

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15
Q

Cardiac muscle is a _______ of many heart muscle cells in which the cardiac cells are so interconnected that when one of these cells becomes excited, the action potential spreads to all of them, from cell to cell throughout the latticework interconnections.

A

syncytium

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16
Q

Inner layer of the heart wall

A

Endocardium

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17
Q

The dark areas crossing the cardiac muscle fibers in are called ___________

A

intercalated discs

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18
Q

_______ prevent backflow of blood from the
ventricles to the atria during systole

A

A-V valves (the tricuspid and mitral valves)

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19
Q

__________ exhibit either automatic rhythmical electrical discharge in the form of action potentials or conduction of the action potentials through the heart, providing an excitatory system that controls the rhythmical beating of the heart

A

specialized excitatory and conductive fibers

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20
Q

The _____ then supply the main pumping force of the heart that propels the blood

A

ventricles

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21
Q

Three major types of cardiac muscle

A

atrial muscle
ventricular muscle
conductive muscle fibers

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22
Q

The heart is actually two separate pumps: a RIGHT heart that pumps blood through the _______, and a LEFT heart that pumps blood through the _________.

A

lungs; peripheral organs

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23
Q

_________ pericardium produce pericardial fluid, lubricating the heart

A

Serous

24
Q

________ pericardium attach great vessels (top of heart) to central tendon of diaphragm (bottom of heart)

A

Fibrous

25
Q

A fibrous sac that lubricate heart, prevent friction, and maintain hollow space for heart expansion

A

Pericardium

26
Q

These are the semilunar valves

A

aortic and pulmonary artery valves

27
Q

___________ are cell membranes that separate individual cardiac muscle cells from one another, ensuring that the cardiac muscle functions as a single and well-coordinated unit

A

Intercalated discs

28
Q

Two main chambers of the heart

A

Atrium
Ventricle

29
Q

The strength of contraction of cardiac muscle depends
to a great extent on the concentration of _________ ions in the extracellular fluids.

A

calcium

30
Q

Excess _________ in the extracellular fluids causes the heart to become dilated and flaccid and also slows the heart rate.

A

potassium

31
Q

high pressure caused by ventricular contraction

A

Systole

32
Q

_______ increases the permeability of the cardiac muscle membrane to ions that control heart rate, resulting in acceleration of the self-excitation process.

A

Heat

33
Q

______________ refers to the mechanism by which the action potential causes the myofibrils of muscle to contract.

A

Excitation-contraction coupling

34
Q

These are the A-V valves

A

tricuspid valve
mitral valve

35
Q

Innermost layer of the pericardium

A

Visceral pericardium

36
Q

__________ prevent backflow from the aorta and pulmonary arteries into the ventricles during diastole

A

Semilunar valves (the aortic and pulmonary artery valves)

37
Q

Two Serous Pericardium Layers

A

Parietal (outside pericardial cavity)
Visceral (directly outside of heart)

38
Q

The outside layer of the heart wall

A

Epicardium

39
Q

the rate of oxygen consumption by the heart is an excellent measure of the _______ energy liberated while the heart performs its work.

A

chemical

40
Q

[Reason for Long Action Potential and Plateau]

the _________ (increased, decreased) potassium permeability greatly decreases the outflux of positively charged potassium ions during the action potential plateau and thereby prevents early return of the action potential voltage to its resting level.

A

decreased

41
Q

________ cells keep the heart beating at the correct rhythm and ensure that each cardiac muscle cell contracts in coordination with the others.

A

Pacemaker

42
Q

The __________ and _________ are the big exception to the artery/vein, oxygen/no oxygen rule

A

pulmonary veins and arteries

43
Q

Middle layer of the heart wall

A

Myocardium

44
Q

__________ stimulation increases the force of heart contraction to as much as double normal, thereby increasing the volume of blood pumped and increasing the ejection pressure.

A

sympathetic

45
Q

They are the receiving chambers

A

Atria

46
Q

The circulatory system is a _____ tubular system

A

closed

47
Q

__________ allow rapid diffusion of ions so action potentials travel easily from one cardiac muscle
cell to the next, past the intercalated discs.

A

Gap junctions

48
Q

It is a double serous membrane that lines the entire heart.

A

Pericardium

49
Q

a big vessel that splits to form the left and right pulmonary arteries

A

Pulmonary trunk

50
Q

The upper left chamber that receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins, pumping it into the left ventricle

A

Left atrium

51
Q

Each ______ is a weak primer pump for the ventricle, helping to move blood into the ventricle.

A

atrium

52
Q

Each cycle in cardiac cycle is initiated by spontaneous generation of an action potential in the _________

A

sinus node

53
Q

The lower right chamber that receives blood from the right atrium, carrying blood to the lungs to be oxygenated via pulmonary artery

A

Right ventricle

54
Q

The cardiac events that occur from the beginning of
one heartbeat to the beginning of the next

A

Cardiac cycle

55
Q

The lower left chamber that receives blood from the left atrium, pumping it into the aorta

A

Left ventricle

General Physiology (Midterm) (6 decks)

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