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Health Care Participant Nursing: N1220 > Cardiovascular System (Exam Two) > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System (Exam Two) Flashcards

1
Q

What is an electrocardiogram (EKG)?

A

Recording of the electrical activity of the heart from various views

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2
Q

What are the benefits of an electrocardiogram (EKG)?

A
  • Fast
  • Easy
  • Painless
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3
Q

What are the two types of electrocardiogram (EKG)?

A
  • 12-lead-EKG
  • 18-lead-EKG
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4
Q

What is the cardiac conduction pathway? What affects these electrical impulses?

A
  • Electrical impulses used to generate the heartbeat
  • Affected by electrolytes (i.e. sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium)
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5
Q

What is the purpose of the cardiac conduction pathway?

A

Stimulate the mechanical cells of the heart to contract and perfuse the body

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6
Q

It is vital for electrolytes to be in appropriate range for which cardiac system to run effectively?

A

Cardiac Electrical System/Cardiac Conduction Pathway

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7
Q

Name the parts of the Cardiac Conduction Pathway in order.

A
  1. Sinoatrial (SA) Node (in wall of right atrium) –>
  2. Interatrial Bundles –>
  3. Left and Right Atria begin to contract –>
  4. Internodal Bundles –>
  5. Atrioventricular (AV) Node –>
  6. Bundle of His –>
  7. Purkinje Fibers
  8. Right and Left Ventricles begin to contract
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8
Q

Where is the Sinoatrial Node (SA) located?

A

In the wall of the right Atrium

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9
Q

The rate of the Sinoatrial Node (SA) is dictated by what?

A

The needs of the body

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10
Q

Which part of the Cardiac Conduction Pathway is known as the “pacemaker” of the heart?

A

Sinoatrial (SA) Node

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11
Q

If the Sinoatrial Node fails, which part of the Cardiac Conduction Pathway will initiate a heartbeat? What is the rate?

A
  • Atrioventricular (AV) Node
  • Rate of 40 to 60 beats per minute
  • The body is able to function regularly at this rate
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12
Q

If the Sinoatrial (SA) Node and Atrioventricular (AV) Node fails, which part of the Cardiac Conduction Pathway will initiate a heartbeat? What is the rate?

A
  • Bundle of His (right and left)
  • Rate of 20-40 beats per minute
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13
Q

What is the cardiac cycle? What does it consist of?

A
  • Period from the beginning of one heartbeat to the beginning of the next
  • Depolarization and repolarization
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14
Q

What is depolarization?

A

Period of contraction

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15
Q

What is repolarization?

A

Period of rest

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16
Q

The smallest box on an EKG represents how many millimeters/seconds?

A

1mm = 0.04 seconds

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17
Q

The largest box on an EKG represents how many millimeters/seconds?

A

5mm = 0.20 seconds

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18
Q

Within one normal cardiac cycle, there is what?

A
  • P wave
  • QRS complex
  • T wave
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19
Q

Which wave is first in the cardiac cycle?

HINT: PQRST

A

P wave

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20
Q

What does a P wave indicate?

A
  • The SA node is firing
  • Atrial depolarization
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21
Q

What are the normal characteristics of a P wave?

HINT: Think of a hill

A
  • Rounded, upright
  • Occur regularly
  • Should be 1 P wave for every 1 QRS complex
  • Symmetrical throughout EKG
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22
Q

What is the PR interval? What does it identify?

A
  • The amount of time it takes for an impulse to travel from the SA node to the AV node
  • Can identify if an electrical delay is present
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23
Q

When do you start and finish measuring for a PR interval on an EKG?

A
  • Begin at the peak of the P wave
  • End at the trough of the QRS interval (before Q starts going in downward position)
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24
Q

What is the normal measurement for the PR interval?

HINT: P”R” = “Respiratory Rate”

A

0.12 - 0.20 seconds

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25
If the PR interval is \>20 seconds, what does this indicate?
Electrical delay through the AV node
26
Which wave occurs in the middle of the cardiac cycle? HINT: PQRST
QRS complex
27
What does a QRS complex represent?
Ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization
28
When do you start and finish measuring for a QRS complex and QRS interval on an EKG?
- Begin at the trough of the Q - End where the S trough returns back to the isoelectric line
29
What does the QRS interval indicate?
- The amount of time it takes for electrical impulse to travel from the AV node through the ventricle - Occurs rapidly
30
What is the normal measurement for the QRS interval?
0.06 - 0.10 seconds
31
If the QRS interval is \>0.10 seconds, what does this indicate?
Bundle branch block (block in ventricles)
32
Which wave occurs last in the cardiac cycle? HINT: PQRST
T wave
33
What does a T wave represent?
Repolarization of the ventricles
34
What are the normal characteristics of a T wave?
- Upright, rounded - Above the isometric line
35
The time from depolarization of the ventricles to repolarization of the ventricles is known as what?
ST segment
36
When will the nurse check the ST segment?
When a patient complains of chest pain
37
List the steps to analyze an EKG?
1. Check regularity of the rhythm (i.e. regular, irregular, regularly irregular, irregularly irregular) 2. Check heart rate 3. Check characteristics of P wave 4. Check consistency of PR interval (0.12 - 0.20) 5. Check consistency of QRS interval (0.06 -0.10)
38
How do you determine the regularity of the rhythm on an EKG?
R-to-R Spacing
39
What are the characteristics of a normal sinus rhythm?
- Regular rhythm - Regular heart rate - Rounded, upright P wave - P wave and QRS interval ratio is 1:1 - PR interval is 0.12 - 0.20 - QRS interval is 0.06 - 0.10
40
How should the nurse intervene if the patient presents with a normal sinus rhythm?
- DO NOTHING! - Intervention is not needed for this patient
41
What is an arrhythmia?
- Abnormal heart rhythm - Also called a dysrhythmia
42
Arrhythmias can result in what?
- Increased heart rate - Decreased heart rate - Early beats - Late beats - Atrial fibrillation - Ventricular fibrillation
43
What are rhythms that arise from the SA node called?
Sinus rhythm (i.e. normal sinus rhythm, sinus bradycardia, sinus tachycardia)
44
What is sinus bradycardia?
Sinus rhythm with a heart rate of \<60 bpm
45
What are the causes of sinus bradycardia?
- Athletic individuals - Medications - Electrolyte imbalance - MI - Hypothyroidism - Sleep apnea - Problems with SA node
46
What are the signs and symptoms of sinus bradycardia?
- Asymptomatic - Hypotension - Diminished pulse - Fatigue - Dizziness - Syncope
47
What is the first-defense treatment for a patient with symptomatic sinus bradycardia?
IV Atropine
48
Describe the characteristics of sinus bradycardia on an EKG?
- Slowed rhythm - Slowed heart rate - Rounded, upright P wave - P wave and QRS interval ratio is 1:1 - R-to-R Spacing is father apart
49
What is sinus tachycardia?
Sinus rhythm with a heart rate of \>100 bpm
50
What are the causes of sinus tachycardia?
- Shock - Medications - Dehydration - Infection - Anxiety - Electrolyte imbalance
51
What are the signs and symptoms of sinus tachycardia?
- Asymptomatic - Angina - Syncope - Dizziness - Palpitations - SOB - Anxiety
52
What medications can be used to treat sinus tachycardia?
- Beta Blockers - Calcium Channel Blockers - Adenosine
53
Describe the characteristics of sinus tachycardia on an EKG?
- Rapid rhythm - Rapid heart rate - Rounded, upright P wave - P wave and QRS interval ratio is 1:1 - R-to-R Spacing is closer together
54
What is occurring during an atrial arrhythmia?
- The atria is initiating impulses faster than the SA node - Usually faster than 100 bpm
55
Which wave is associated is with atrial arrhythmias?
P wave
56
What is the most common form of arrhythmia?
Premature Atrial Contraction (PAC)
57
What causes a premature atrial contraction (PAC)? HINT: "Early" beat
- Premature discharge of the electrical impulse in the atria - Occurs prematurely/earlier than the normal beat should have occured
58
What characteristics will a P wave present with in a premature atrial contraction (PAC) on an EKG?
- Flatter - Peaked - Notched
59
In a premature atrial contraction (PAC), will the P wave always be followed by a QRS complex
- No, a QRS complex will not always follow the P wave - P wave may occur outside of the cardiac cycle or in the T wave
60
What are the causes of a premature atrial contraction (PAC)?
- Hypoxia - Smoking cigarettes - Heart failure - Electrolyte imbalances - Caffeine - Alcohol - Medications - Fatigue - Stress - Anxiety
61
What are the signs and symptoms of a premature atrial contraction (PAC)?
- Asymptomatic - Palpitations - Dizziness
62
What are the treatment options for premature atrial contraction (PAC)?
- Often no treatment - Lifestyle changes (i.e. stop smoking)
63
What is happening with electrical impulses during atrial fibrillation?
- Electrical impulses initiated randomly from ectopic sites - Atria over rides the SA node as the pacemaker - Atrial rate chaotic and rapid = atria quiver
64
Why is the ventricular rate usually regular with atrial fibrillation?
- The AV node blocks most of the ectopic/random impulses sent by the atria - Ventricular rate then has the ability to be regular (between 60-100 bpm)
65
What type of action is occurring within the atria during atrial fibrillation?
- The atria is quivering/fibrillating due to the rapid & chaotic rate from ectopic impulses - Due to the quivering/fibrillating, the atria cannot complete the diastole and systole phases completely
66
What type of rhythm is atrial fibrillation?
Irregularly irregular
67
What happens with blood flow in the atria during atrial fibrillation?
- Blood remains in the atrial chambers because it is unable to empty out (due to quivering) - Blood stasis within the atria results in increased risk for developing a thrombus - Increased risk for developing a stroke
68
What percentage of stroke patients have an underlying atrial fibrillation rhythm?
15% to 20%
69
What is persistent atrial fibrillation?
Patient is constantly in atrial fibrillation
70
What is paroxysmal atrial fibrillation?
Patient is going in and out of atrial fibrillation
71
What is atrial fibrillation RVR? What is the priority nursing concern with atrial fibrillation RVR?
- Atrial fibrillation with a heart rate \>100 - Priority: control the heart rate
72
What are the signs and symptoms of atrial fibrillation RVR?
- Hypotension - Dizziness - Pulse deficit - Chest pain - Palpitations - Fatigue
73
List the risk factors for developing atrial fibrillation?
- Older age (65 y/o or greater at increased risk) - Smoker - Heart disease - Heart failure - Hypertension - Hyperthyroidism - MI - Cardiac surgery - Medications - COPD - Unknown
74
What medications should be used to combat atrial fibrillation?
\*Anticoagulants - Beta Blocker - Calcium Channel Blocker - Digoxin
75
Which "anticoagulant" is not an approved medication to use for atrial fibrillation?
Aspirin
76
What are the treatment options for atrial fibrillation?
- Cardioversion - Cardiac ablation - Surgery (i.e. maze procedure)
77
What must the patient be on prior to having a cardioversion? For how long?
- Anticoagulant - 4 to 6 weeks prior to procedure
78
What characteristics will atrial fibrillation present with on an EKG?
- Wavy pattern (atria quivering) - No P wave - Irregular rhythm - Irregular heart rate - PR interval cannot be determined - QRS interval is present and normal
79
What is atrial flutter?
Atria are contracting appropriately at an exceedingly rapid rate of 250 - 350 beats per minute
80
What type of rhythm is atrial flutter?
Regularly irregular
81
In atrial flutter, the rapid P waves on an EKG are called what?
F waves
82
What are the causes of atrial flutter?
- CHF - MI - Valve disorders - Hypertension - Post-CABG - COPD - Rheumatic/ischemic heart disease - Pulmonary embolism
83
What are the signs and symptoms of atrial flutter?
- Palpitations - Angina - Dyspnea
84
What are the treatment options for atrial flutter?
- Medications (i.e. Calcium Channel Blocker, Beta Blocker, Digoxin) - Cardioversion - Cardiac ablation
85
What characteristics will atrial flutter present with on an EKG?
- Identical "sawtooth" like pattern - Sawtooth F wave and QRS complex ratio is 4:1 - Regular rhythm - Irregular heart rate - PR interval cannot be determined - QRS interval is present and normal
86
What are ventricular arrhythmias?
- Abnormal heart beat that originates in the ventricles - Causes heart to beat too fast
87
What are premature ventricular contractions (PVCs)?
- Extra abnormal heartbeat that originates in the ventricle(s) - Ventricles fire prematurely before the SA node causing a wide QRS interval - Very common
88
What are the signs and symptoms of premature ventricular contractions (PVCs)
-Increased awareness of heartbeat (i.e. flip-flop, pounding, fluttering, jumping, skipping beats, missing beats
89
What characteristics will premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) present with on an EKG?
- Regular rhythm - Rapid heart rate - No P wave present on PVC beat - QRS interval appears widened
90
What are the risk factors for premature ventricular contractions (PVCs)?
- Caffeine - Tobacco - Alcohol - Exercise - Hypertension - Anxiety - Underlying heart disease
91
What are the treatment options for patients with premature ventricular contractions (PVCs)?
- Lifestyle modifications - Medications (i.e. Beat Blocker, Calcium Channel Blocker, Amiodorone) - Cardiac ablation
92
What are unifocal premature ventricular contractions (PVCs)?
- Initiate from the same irritated area in the ventricle - Will look the same on an EKG
93
What are multifocal premature ventricular contractions (PVCs)?
- Initiate from different irritated area in the ventricle - Will look different on an EKG
94
Premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) that occur every other beat are referred to as what?
Bigemeny PVC
95
Premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) that occur every third beat are referred to as what?
Trigemeny PVC
96
Three or more premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) in a row is considered what?
Ventricular Tachycardia
97
What is ventricular tachycardia?
- Rapid heart beat that originates in the ventricles (150-250 beats per minute) - Ventricles become the pacemaker of the heart instead of the AV node
98
What are the causes of ventricular tachycardia?
- MI - Hypokalemia - Respiratory acidosis - Myocardial irritability
99
What are the signs and symptoms of ventricular tachycardia?
- Asymptomatic - Dyspnea - Lightheadedness - Angina - Feeling of fast heart rate
100
What type of rhythm is ventricular tachycardia?
Regular
101
What are the treatment options for ventricular tachycardia if the patient DOES have a pulse?
- Medications (i.e. Beta Blocker, Lidocaine, Adenosine) - Cardioversion - ICD - Cardiac ablation
102
What are the treatment options for ventricular tachycardia if the patient DOES NOT have a pulse?
1) CPR 2) Defibrillation 3) Medications
103
The seriousness of ventricular tachycardia depends on what?
Duration
104
Ventricular tachycardia will _____ cardiac output.
Increase
105
What is the rhythm that commonly precedes ventricular fibrillation?
Ventricular tachycardia
106
What is the nursing priority for a patient who is experiencing ventricular tachycardia?
Determine whether they are stable or unstable
107
What characteristics will ventricular tachycardia present with on an EKG?
- High, wide, and rapid QRS intervals (\>0.10) - No P wave - Rapid heart rate - Regular rhythm
108
What is ventricular fibrillation? Will ventricular fibrillation be stable or unstable?
- Life-threatening, EMERGENCY! - Ventricular activity is chaotic with no discernible waves - Ventricles quiver and heart is unable to pump blood to the rest of the body - Patient will have no pulse and will ALWAYS be unstable
109
Which arrhythmia is considered the most serious?
Ventricular fibrillation
110
Ventricular fibrillation will _____ cardiac output?
Decrease
111
What are the causes of ventricular fibrillation?
- Hyperkalemia - Hypomagnesemia - CAD - MI - Electrocution
112
What is the nursing priority for a patient who is in ventricular fibrillation? HINT: VFIB = DFIB
Defibrillation \*Should also begin CPR on the patient
113
What medications will you administer to a patient who is in ventricular fibrillation?
- Epinephrine - Amiodarone - Lidocaine
114
What type of rhythm is ventricular fibrillation?
Highly irregular
115
What characteristics will ventricular fibrillation present with on an EKG?
-Inconsistent wavy line
116
What is asystole?
- Not a true rhythm - State of no electrical cardiac activity
117
What is the nursing priority for a patient in asystole?
CPR
118
Asystole is usually preceded by which rhythm?
Ventricular fibrillation
119
Can you defibrillate a patient who is in asystole?
No!
120
What are the causes of asystole?
- Hyperkalemia - Ventricular fibrillation - Massive MI - Shock
121
What characteristics will asystole present with on an EKG?
Flat line
122
What is the rhythm below?
Normal Sinus Rhythm
123
What is the rhythm below?
Ventricular Fibrillation
124
What is the rhythm below?
Premature Ventricular Contractions (PVCs)
125
What is the rhythm below?
Asystole
126
What is the rhythm below?
Sinus Tachycardia
127
What is the rhythm below?
Premature Atrial Contraction (PAC)
128
What is the rhythm below?
Sinus Bradycardia
129
What is the rhythm below?
Atrial Fibrillation
130
What is the rhythm below?
Ventricular Tachycardia
131
What is the rhythm below?
Atrial Flutter
132
What is cardiovascular disease?
Disease of the heart or the blood vessels
133
What is arteriosclerosis?
- Thickening, loss of elasticity, and calcification of arterial walls - Part of the aging process
134
What is atherosclerosis? Where does it occur?
- Formation of plaque within arterial walls - Occurs in the lumen (space inside the artery) - Can be prevented
135
What is the leading cause of disability and death in the United States?
Cardiovascular disease
136
Where can atherosclerosis be found? How is atherosclerosis classified?
- Found in any of the arteries - Classified by location
137
What are common locations of atherosclerosis?
- Coronary arteries - Arteries of legs - Renal arteries - Carotid arteries
138
If atherosclerosis is present in one artery, it is likely...
Present in other arteries
139
What is an early indication of atherosclerosis?
Fatty streak (plaque)
140
What are the non-modifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis?
- Age - Gender - Ethnicity - Genetics
141
Who is most at risk for atherosclerosis?
African american males
142
What are modifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis?
- Physical inactivity/sedentary lifestyle - Obesity - Diabetes - Alcohol/tobacco use - Stress - Elevated cholesterol - Hypertenstion
143
What does tobacco cause?
- Vasoconstriction - Decreases HDL's
144
Coronary artery disease is assocaited with a cholesterol level greater than what?
\>200
145
What are the normal HDL levels in men and women?
- Men: \>40 - Women: \>50
146
What is a normal LDL level?
\<100 -The lower the better
147
Triglyceride levels should be less than what?
\<150
148
What is a stress test?
- Shows how the heart works during physcial activity - Usually done on treadmill or bike - Patient monitored by EKG
149
What is a cardiac catheterization?
- Procedure done to visualize anatomy of the heart using contrast dye - Inserted through femoral artery in groin or radial artery in wrist
150
What is the nursing role in regards to a cardiac catheterization?
- Assess for allergies - Obtain consent - Monitor vitals, entry site, and pulses
151
What are the therapeutic measures for atherosclerosis?
- Diet - Smoking cessation - Exercise - Medications
152
What foods are part of the heart-healthy diet?
- Fruits and vegetables - Avoid trans fat - Reduce saturated fat - Reduce sugar and sodium
153
What are the most common lipid lowering medication?
Statins
154
What medications fall under the drug class of Statins?
- Atorvastatin - Pravastatin - Simvastatin - Rosuvastatin
155
What labs should be monitored when giving a statin?
- Liver function tests - Lipid panel
156
What time of day should statins be taken?
Evening or night
157
Fibrates are used to do what?
Reduce triglycerides
158
What medications fall under the drug class of fibrates?
- Fenofibrate - Gemofibrozil
159
Bile Acid Sequestrants are use for what?
Increase conversion of cholesterol to bile acids
160
Statins are used to do what?
Reduce cholesterol synthesis
161
What drug class decreases cholesterol absorption?
Cholesterol Absorption Inhibitors
162
What medication falls under the drug class of Cholesterol Absorption Inhibitors?
Ezetimibe
163
What is Niacin? What does it do?
- Water soluable B vitamin - Lowers LDL and triglyceride levels by interfering with synthesis - Increases HDL
164
Patients taking Niacin may experience what?
Patients may experience severe flushing
165
What is coronary artery disease?
Form of atherosclerosis that affects coronary arteries
166
What causes coronary artery disease?
Atherosclerosis
167
Coronary artery diease can cause what?
- Angina - MI - Death
168
What is angina?
-Chest pain due to ischemia
169
What is stable angina?
- Patient can predict when angina will occur - Decrease with rest - Usually only lasts a few minutes
170
What is unstable angina?
- Unpredictable in frequency - Occurs when patient is at rest or sleeping - Not relieved by medication or rest - EMERGENCY!
171
What are the signs and symptoms of angina?
- Discomfort - Burning - Fullness or pressure - Pain may radiate - Heaviness in arms - Women may have atypical symtoms (i.e. SOB, fatigue)
172
How long to episodes of angina last?
5 to 15 minutes
173
What is the first line treatment for angina?
Nitroglycerin
174
How does nitroglycerin work?
Dilates arteries and reduces workload of heart
175
What is the onset and duration for nitroglycerin? How often can a patient take nitroglycerin?
- Onset: 1-2 minutes - Duration: 30-40 minutes - Take 1 every 5 minutes x3
176
What are the side effects of nitroglycerin?
- Hypotension - Headache
177
What patient education should be provided in regards to nitroglycerin?
- Sit down while taking medication - Can drastically drop blood pressure - Can repeat dose every five minutes up to three times - If chest pain does not ease, call 911!
178
What other medications can be used to treat angina?
- Calcium Channel Blockers - Anti-ischemic agents - Nitrates
179
What medication should you avoid taking with nitrates?
Erectile dysfunction medications
180
What is acute coronary syndrome?
-Includes unstable angina and MI
181
Acute coronary syndrome is most commonly caused by what?
Formation of an occlusive thrombus on the coronary plaque
182
What is the most common cause of an MI?
Thrombus formation
183
The area of the heart affected by an MI depends on what?
Coronary artery that is affected
184
What is a STEMI myocardial infarction?
- Most serious - Affects full thickness of the heart - Will see ST elevatin on EKG -
185
What is a NSTEMI myocardial infarction?
- Less serious - Blockage is usually partial
186
In a myocardial infarction, the area affected will be _____ from the clot.
Distal or below
187
What are the signs and symptoms of a myocardial infarction?
- Chest pain - Vague symptoms - Dyspnea - Syncope - N/V - Fatigue - SOB - Decreased BP - Elevated HR - Cool clammy skin, gray skin
188
What are the common diagnostic tests for myocardial infarction?
- Troponin - Myoglobin and creatine kinase - EKG - Magnesium - Potassium
189
What is a normal troponin level?
\<0.04
190
When do troponin levels peak?
12 hours
191
Describe drug therapy for MI. HINT: MONA
- Morphine - Oxygen - Nitro - Aspirin
192
What are common treatment options for myocardian infarction?
- Cardiac catheterization with intervention - Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG)
193
List common medications used post myocardial infarction?
- Beta Blockers - ACE Inhibitor - Statin - Antiplatelet - Vasodilators
194
Anytime a stint is placed in a patient, what kind of medication must they be on?
-Antiplatelet
195
What is peripheral arterial disease?
- Narrowing of the arteries that leads to occlusion or obstruction - Usually occurs in lower extremeties
196
What is the most common cause of peripheral artery disease?
Atherosclerosis
197
What are the signs and symptoms of peripheral artery disease?
\*Intermittent claudication (pain in calves that approves with rest) - Paresthesia - Thin, shiny, taut skin - Loss of hair on lower legs - Pain at rest - Decreased sensation - Pallor of extremeties when elevated, reddened when in dependent position
198
What symptoms most commonly causes patients to seek treatment with peripheral artery disease?
Intermittent caludication
199
200
What are the most serious complications of peripheral artery disease? What can these result in?
- Tissue necrosis - Arterial ulcers - Result in amputation
201
What is an ankle-brachial index (ABI)? What is the normal range of an ABI?
- Done using a hand-held doppler - Normal range is 1 - Lower the range, more severe disease is present
202
What is the first diagnostic test usually completed for a patient with peripheral artery disease?
Arterial ultrasound
203
What is an aneurysm?
A buldging, ballooning, or dilation at weakend point of arterial wall
204
An aorta greater than _____ is considered an aneurysm.
\>3cm
205
Aortic aneurysms may involve:
- Aortic arch - Thoracic aorta - Abdominal aorta
206
What are the risk factors for aortic aneurysms?
- Age \>65 - Male gender - Smoking - Hypertension
207
What is a fusiform aneurysm?
Dilation of entire circumference
208
What is a saccular aneurysm?
Bulges on one side of arterial wall
209
What is a dissecting aneurysm?
Cavity is formed from tear in artery wall
210
What is the most common symptom of a thoracic aortic aneurysm?
Deep chest pain that radiates across back
211
What are the signs and symptoms of an AAA?
- Asymptomatic - Pulsatile mass - Bruit - Back/flank pain - Abdominal pain - Feeling of fullness
212
AAA are often an _____ finding.
Incedential
213
Small aneurysms, or those less than 4cm, will require how often of a follow up?
6 to 12 months
214
What are the treatment options for aneurysms?
- Lifestyle changes - Control BP! - Surgery - Endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR)
215
What is an Endovascular Aneurysm Repair (EVAR)?
- Catheter threaded through femoral artery - Stent and graft place to support aneurysm - Decrease size of aneurysm over time
216
If a patient has a loss of pulse post surgery, what should the nurse do?
- Notify the physician! - Something has occluded
217
What are the signs and symptoms of a ruptured aneurysm in the retroperitoneal space?
- Sudden, severe back pain - Cool, clammy skin - Bleeding may be tamponaded by surrounding structures
218
What are the signs and symptoms of a ruptured aneurysm in the thoracic or abdominal cavity?
- Massive hemorrhage! - Decreased LOC - Patients usually do not make it to the hospital
219
What should the nurse monitor in a patient with an aortic aneurysm?
- Indication of rupture - Diaphoresis - Pallor - Weakness - Tachycardia - Hypotension - LOC changes - Pulsating abdominal mass - Abdominal, back, groin, periumbilical pain
220
What can cause an aortic dissection?
Anything that puts pressure on the aortic wall
221
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What are the signs and symptoms of aortic dissection?
- Pain, sharp or tearing in chest - Weak or absent pulses - Decreased LOC - Dizziness - Fatigue - SOB
223
What are the complications of an aortic dissection?
- Cardiac tamponade - Rupture of aorta - Occlusion of arterial supply to organs (spinal cord, renal, abdominal)

Health Care Participant Nursing: N1220 (5 decks)

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