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MEDSCI > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the average weight of the heart?

A

250g in females and 300g in males

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2
Q

What is the difference between the anterior and posterior walls of the of the right atrium?

A

The anterior wall is rough because of the pectinate muscles and the posterior wall is smooth

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3
Q

Where is the fossa ovalis found?

A

Between the left and right atrium of anyone older than a couple of hours/ days

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4
Q

Where is the foramen ovale found?

A

Between the right and left atrium of a fetus or a new born

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5
Q

What are the 3 branches of the aortic arch?

A
  1. Brachiocephalic trunk
  2. Left common carotid artery
  3. Left subclavian artery
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6
Q

Are the pulmonary arteries or veins more superior?

A

The pulmonary arteries are more superior

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7
Q

What percentage of blood volume is found in the pulmonary circuit?

A

9%

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8
Q

What percentage of blood volume is found in the heart?

A

7%

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9
Q

What percentage of blood volume is found in the systemic circuit?

A

84%, of which 3/4 are found in the veins

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10
Q

What is the total volume of blood in the average human body?

A

5L

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11
Q

What is the average output (at rest and exercising)?

A

At rest 5L/ min

Exercising 4x resting ~20L/min

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12
Q

Where is the Ductus arteriosis found?

A

Between the pulmonary trunk and the aorta during fetal development

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13
Q

Where is the ligamentum arteriosum found?

A

The remnant structure of the ductus arteriosis after birth.

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14
Q

How many main coronary arteries are there?

A

2, the left and right coronary arteries

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15
Q
A
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16
Q

Label A, B, and C

A

A. Aortic Arch

B. Left coronary artery

C. Left Auricle

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17
Q

Name; D and E

A

D. Circumflex branch of left coronary artery

E. Interventricular branch

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18
Q

Name; F and G

A

f. Posterior interventricular branch
g. Left Ventricle

19
Q

Label; H, I and J

A

H. Right ventricle

I. Marginal branch of right coronary artery

J. Right Atrium

20
Q

Label; K, L and M

A

K. Right coronary artery

L. Pulmonary trunk

M. Ascending aorta

21
Q

Label; A, B and C

A

A. Superior Vena Cava

B. Pulmonary Trunk

C. Left Auricle

22
Q

Label; D, E and F

A

D. Right atrium

E. Coronary Sinus

F. Small Cardiac Vein

23
Q

Label; G, H and I

A

G. Great Cardiac Vein

H. Anterior Cardiac Vein

I. Middle Cardiac Vein

24
Q

Label; J, K and L

A

J. Left ventricle

K. Right Ventricle

L. Inferior Vena cava

25
Q

What is the difference between Cardiac and Skeletal muscle in terms of Histology?

A
  • Cardiac muscle fibres are shorter in length and also exhibit branching
  • Mitochondria take up 25% of cytosolic space and cardiac muscle but only 2% and skeletal muscle
  • The soccer plasmic reticulum of cardiac muscle is smaller than that of skeletal muscle –> less Ca2+ reserve in cardiac muscle
26
Q

What is the peak pressure in the Right Atrium?

A

5mmHg

27
Q

What is the peak pressure in the Right Ventricle?

A

27mmHg

28
Q

What is the peak pressure in the Left Atrium?

A

8mmHg

29
Q

What is the peak pressure in the Left Ventricle?

A

120mmHg

30
Q

What is the electricle conduction pathway within the heart?

A

SA node –> AV node –> AV bundle (bundle of HIS) –> R & L bundle branches –> Purkinje Fibres

31
Q

How many steps are there in the cardiac cycle? What are they (in order)

A
  1. Atrial Depolarisation
  2. Atrial systole
  3. ventricular depolarisation
  4. ventricular systole
  5. ventricular repolarisation
  6. ventricular diastole
32
Q

What happens in atrial systole?

A

The depolarisation of the SA node causes atrial depolarisation resulting in the contraction of the atrium. This is shown as a P-wave and an ECG

33
Q

What happens in Ventricular systole?

A

Ventricular depolarisation causes ventricular Sisto only at first both the AV and SL valves are closed resulting in iso-volumetric contraction the SL valves open and blood is ejected out of the ventricles

34
Q

What happens during the P-wave of an ECG?

A

Ventricular filling and atrial contraction

35
Q

What happens during the QRS complex of an ECG?

A

Q–> R is Atrial contraction

S is isovolumetric contraction of the ventricles

36
Q

What phase of the cardiac cycle occurs during Atrial Systole?

A

Atrial contraction

37
Q

What phase of the cardiac cycle occurs during Ventricular Systole?

A

Isovolumetric contraction and ventricular ejection

38
Q

What phases of the cardiac cycle occurs during the relaxation period?

A

Isovolumetric relaxation and ventricular filling

39
Q

What is the main heart stimulating nerve of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Vagus

40
Q

What are the 2 main heart stimulating nerve of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Cardiac accelerator nerve (increased heart rate and contractility)

Vasomotor (vasocontriction)

41
Q

Where is the cardiovscular center in the brain found?

A

Medulla

42
Q

What are the two cranial nerves responsible for transmitting information regarding blood pressure from the arch of the aorta and carotid sinus?

A

Glossopharyngeal (carotid sinus)

Vagus (Arch of Aorta)

43
Q

What three factors increase stroke volume

A

Increased preload, increase contractility, and decreased after load

44
Q

what factors affect heart rate?

A

Nervous system input, chemicals (catecholamine or thyroid hormone) other factors e.g. increased body temperature

MEDSCI (6 decks)

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