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PHYL 1010 > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the cardiovascular system?

A

To maintain homeostasis of ISF

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2
Q

What is the function of the heart?

A

To generate movement

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3
Q

What is the function of the vasculature?

A

To create a pathway for the blood

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4
Q

What is hematocrit?

A

The % of blood that is RBCs

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5
Q

What is flow rate?

A

The AMOUNT of blood that travels through the vessel at a given time.

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6
Q

What makes blood flow?

A

The pressure gradient

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7
Q

What is velocity of flow?

A

The DISTANCE traveled through the vessel during a given time.

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8
Q

Which vessel has the highest pressure?

A

Aorta

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9
Q

Which vessel has the lowest pressure?

A

Vena cava

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10
Q

Which vessels have the most change in pressure?

A

Arterioles

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11
Q

What influences the rate of flow the most?

A

Radius of the vessel

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12
Q

What is the membranous sac encasing the heart?

A

Pericardium

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13
Q

What lubricates the heart so it does not stick when it contracts?

A

Pericardial fluid

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14
Q

What is the pacemaker of the heart?

A

SA Node

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15
Q

Explain the funny current.

A

The influx of Na+ when reaching the threshold of HYPERpolarization.

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16
Q

Refractory period of the heart means?

A

Another heart beat cannot be stimulated.

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17
Q

What is contractility?

A

Strength of contraction

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18
Q

____ from postganglionic neurons and _____ from adrenal medulla bind to ___ receptors on cardiac myocytes.

A

Norepinephrine, epinephrine, beta1-adrenergic

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19
Q

During diastole the heart is contracted or relaxed?

A

Relaxed

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20
Q

During diastole are the AV and SL valves open or shut?

A

AV: open / SL: shut

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21
Q

During systole are the AV and SL valves open or shut?

A

AV: shut / SL: open

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22
Q

Which valves are closing during the 1st heart sound?

A

Atrial-ventricular valves (AV)

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23
Q

Which valves are closing during the 2nd heart sound?

A

Semilunar valves (SL)

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24
Q

What is the electrical conduction pathway?

A
  • SA node
  • AV node
  • Bundle of His
  • Bundle branches
  • Purkinje Fibres
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25
Q

What does an ECG measure?

A

The electrical changes of the whole heart during a heartbeat

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26
Q

What does an action potential measure?

A

The electrical changes of one myocardium cell

27
Q

What repolarizes the heart?

A

K+

28
Q

What does the P wave stand for (ECG)?

A

Atrium depolarization

29
Q

What does the QRS wave stand fro (ECG)?

A

Ventricular depolarization

30
Q

What does the T wave stand for?

A

Ventricular repolarization

31
Q

Why do you not see atrium repolarization on an ECG?

A

Because the ventricular depolarization is so strong, it overtakes the ECG’s readings.

32
Q

What is active hyperemia?

A

Increase in flow because of high demand

  • When there is less O2, more CO2
    eg. exercising
33
Q

What is reactive hyperemia?

A

The increase of blood flow following an occlusion (ischemia)

eg. leg falling asleep

34
Q

What is myogenic autoregulation?

A

Constricting/dilating of the vessels due to stretch,

- Stretch-activated channels in the SM of arterioles causes these channels to intake Ca2+ to constrict again.

35
Q

What are 3 examples of local control in the cardiovascular system?

A
  • active hyperemia
  • reactive hyperemia
  • myogenic autoregulation
36
Q

What is the AV node?

A
  • controls the heart rate

- slowing the electrical signal from the SA node

37
Q

What is the SA node?

A
  • group of cells on the right atrium
  • pacemaker
  • generates actin potentials
38
Q

At what point is the heart most full of blood?

A

End of diastole

39
Q

What does end-diastolic volume mean?

A

The volume of blood in the heart at the end of diastole. (full of blood)

40
Q

What does end-systolic volume mean?

A

The volume of blood in the heart at the end of ejection (systole).

41
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

The amount of blood that is ejected from the left ventricle

42
Q

Which vessel has the smallest diameter and thinnest walls?

A

Capillaries

43
Q

What are the three types of capillaries?

A
  • continuous
  • fenestrated
  • sinusoid
44
Q

Does blood move slowly or quickly through capillaries?

A

The slowest rate.

45
Q

What is bulk flow?

A

mass movement of fluid between blood and ISF

46
Q

What is the most compliant vessel?

A

Veins

47
Q

Resistance, diameter of veins?

A

Low resistance, large diameter

48
Q

What kind of muscle do veins use? Sympathetic or parasympathetic vasoconstriction?

A

Smooth muscle, sympathetic

49
Q

Where does most exchange take place?

A

Capilleries

50
Q

What are the 2 Starling forces?

A
  • hydrostatic pressure

- osmotic pressure

51
Q

For a sympathetic contraction epinephrine and norepinephrine bind to what kind of receptors on the myocyte cells?

A

Beta1-adrenergic receptors

52
Q

Is the relaxed heart in diastole or systole? The contracted heart?

A

Relaxed - diastole

Contracted - systole

53
Q

During isovolumetric contraction what part of the heart is filled with blood?

A

The ventricles

54
Q

During vigorous exercise where does most of the blood fro the heart go to?

A

The muscles

55
Q

What is the function of the barorecptors?

A

To maintain homeostasis of blood pressure

56
Q

Where are the two locations of baroreceptors?

A

Aortic arch and carotid arteries

57
Q

What is the heartbeat initiated by?

A

The conducting system of the heart

- all of its nodes control itself, heart can keep beating after you die

58
Q

Depolarization during the action potential of a pacemaker cell in the SA node is due to an

A

influx of Ca2+

59
Q

What is hemostasis?

A

Blood clotting

60
Q

What is hematopoiesis?

A

Blood cell production

61
Q

How are RBCs destroyed? And after roughly how many days?

A

~ 120 days

by spleen

62
Q

What is anemia?

A

Decreased ability to carry O2 in blood

63
Q

Where do platelets come from?

A

The are fragments of MEGAKARYOCYTES in the bone marrow

64
Q

What converts fibrinogen to fibrin?

A

thrombin

PHYL 1010 (6 decks)

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