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Clinical Methods Test 1 > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

apex of the heart

A

left ventricle at tapered tip

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2
Q

base of the heart

A

where right ventricle meets the pulmonary artery superiorly

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3
Q

great vessels of the heart (3)

A

pulmonary artery, aorta, SVC/IVC

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4
Q

tricuspid valve

A

right side

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5
Q

bicuspid

A

left side

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6
Q

Circulation of blood through the heart

A

SVC/IVC, Rt atrium, tricuspid valve, rt ventricle, pulm valve, pulm artery, lungs, left atrium, lt ventricle, aorta, rest of body

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7
Q

S1

A

MV & TV of heart closing. Beginning of systole.

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8
Q

S1 split

A

delay in tricuspid valve closure.

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9
Q

S2

A

AV & PV of heart closing. Beginning of diastole

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10
Q

S3

A

“S3 gallop” pathologic change in ventricular compliance.

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11
Q

Cause of S3 sound (4)

A

anemia, fever, pregnancy, thyrotoxicosis

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12
Q

S4

A

atrial contraction and happens before S1, Pathologic change in venricular compliance.

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13
Q

S4 Cause

A

noncompliant left ventricle

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14
Q

P2

A

Pulmonic valve closure

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15
Q

When does P2 happen?

A

With S2, AV closure.

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16
Q

Cause of Heart Murmors

A

turbulent blood flow. longer in duration. potential valvular disease

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17
Q

Valve abrnomalities (2)

A

stenotic valve (aortic stenosis) - harsh closing, regurgitant valve (aortic regurgitation) - failure to close fully casing leakage.

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18
Q

4 sites for heart sounds

A

Mitral, tricuspid, pulmonic, aortic

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19
Q

Mitral best heard at

A

apex, 4th to 5th ICS at midclavicular line (V4)

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20
Q

Tricuspid best heard at

A

4th LICS

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21
Q

Pulmonic best heard at

A

2nd LICS at sternal border

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22
Q

Aortic best heard at

A

2nd RICS at sternal border

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23
Q

Timing of P wave

A

up to 80ms

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24
Q

PR interval

A

120-200ms

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25
Q

QRS complex

A

up to 100ms

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26
Q

Preload

A

load that stretches the cardiac muscle before contraction. Volume of blood in RV at end of diastole = preload for next beat

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27
Q

factors that increase preload

A

inspiraion, increased volume (Exercise), CHF

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28
Q

factors that decrease preload

A

exhilation, decreased lv output, pooling of blood in capillary bed/venous system.

29
Q

myocardial contractility

A

ability of cardiac muscle when given a load, to shorten.

30
Q

factors that increase contractility

A

sympathetic ns

31
Q

factors that decrease contractility

A

blood flow or oxygen delivery to the myocardium is impaired

32
Q

afterload

A

vascular resistance to ventricular contraction (tone in walls of arterial system)

33
Q

JVP

A

jugular venous pressure

34
Q

(right) JVP =

A

right atrial pressure

35
Q

measurement of JVP

A

vertical distance above sternal angle

36
Q

Cardiac Tamponade

A

Cardiac tamponade is pressure on the heart that occurs when blood or fluid builds up in the space between the heart muscle (myocardium) and the outer covering sac of the heart

37
Q

Causes of chest pain

A

angina, MI, dissecting aortic aneurysms

38
Q

Palpitations

A

awareness of heartbeat

39
Q

Dyspnea

A

awareness of breathing inappropriate to a given level of exertion

40
Q

orthopnea

A

dyspnea when pt is laying down and improves when the pt is sitting up. Quantified by # of pillows patient sleeps with.

41
Q

paroxsymal nocturnal dyspna (PND)

A

episodes of sudden dyspnea or orthopnea that awakens pt. can trigger need to go to window for air.

42
Q

Obstructive sleep apnea

A

increased risk for cardiovascular disease

43
Q

MET

A

Metabolic Equivalent of Task (1-12, 1 being eating, working at a computer, dressing, 12 being running rapidly for moderate to long distances)

44
Q

History of Rheumatic Fever

A

look out for murmurs, valve disease

45
Q

Non-modifiable cardiac risk factors

A

age, gender, heredity

46
Q

Modifiable cardiac risk factors

A

tobacco, physical inactivity, obesity, htn, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, stress.

47
Q

Target LDL levels

A

<100

48
Q

4 techniques of physical exam

A

inspection, palpation, precussion, ascultation

49
Q

mmHg to inflate bp cuff over when pulse disappears

A

30mmhg

50
Q

Components of the CV Exam

A

JVP pulsations. Carotid upstrokes, presence of bruits. PMI (point of maximal impulse) and any heaves, lifts, or thrills. 1st & 2nd S1/S2. Extra heart souds: S3,S4. Cardiac murmurs

51
Q

Thrill

A

humming vibration felt during palpation of a vessel

52
Q

Bruit (‘brewee’… it’s french)

A

a mumur like sound of vascular other than carotid artery. Ask pt to hold breath and listen with the bell.

53
Q

Examination of brachial artery

A

for pts with carotid obstructions.

54
Q

PMI stands for

A

Point of maximal impulse

55
Q

PMI represents

A

when LV contracts/touches chest wall

56
Q

Anatomical location of PMI

A

V4

57
Q

The bell is best for ____ pitched sounds

A

low. S3/S4 sounds and mitral stenosis, murmor

58
Q

The diaphragm is best for ____ pitched sounds

A

high, S1,S2, murmurs of aortic and mitral regurgitation, pericardial function

59
Q

The biggin’ of the stethoscope is the ______

A

diaphragm

60
Q

Systolic murmors

A

Between S1->S2

61
Q

Diastolic murmors

A

Between S2->S1

62
Q

Murmor scale intensity

A

graded on a 6 point scale 1= faint 6=very loud thrill

63
Q

Aortic stenois sound

A

“Lub SHHHHH dub”

64
Q

Aortic stenosis defined as

A

mid-systolic ejection murmor, heard best over aortic area, radiates to neck

65
Q

Mitral stenosis

A

valve gets thick, stiff (heh), distorted because of rheumatic fever

66
Q

Mitral valve prolapse

A

mid-systolic cclick, heard best over mitral valve

67
Q

Mitral regurgitation

A

Pansystolic - valve is unable to contain blood within the ventricle during systole,

68
Q

Mitral regurgitation cause

A

volume overload in LV can lead to dilatation and hypertrophy,

69
Q

Tricuspid regurgitation = tall systolic C-V wave/loss of x dscent

A

valve fails to close completely during systole. Heard over left sternal border. cause: pulm HTN or LV failure.

Clinical Methods Test 1 (8 decks)

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