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Sports - Unit 1: Body systems and physical activity > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the cardiovascular system consist of?

A

Atria
Ventricles
Valves
Arteries
Veins
Arterioles
Venule
Capillaries
Blood

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2
Q

What do the different Atria and Ventricles do?

A

Right Atrium - collects deoxygenated blood
Left Atrium - collects oxygenated blood
Right ventricle - receives blood from the right atrium
Left ventricle - receives blood from the left atrium

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3
Q

What do the different arteries do?

A

Pulmonary Artery:
takes deoxygenated blood to the lungs
Aorta:
takes oxygenated blood to the body

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4
Q

What do the different veins do?

A

Pulmonary veins:
Takes oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
Vena Cava (Superior/Inferior):
Takes deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart

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5
Q

What do the different Valves do?

A

Bicuspid/Mitral valves -
allows blood to flow from left atrium to the ventricle
Tricuspid valves -
allows blood to flow from the right atrium to the ventricle
Pulmonary semilunar valves -
allows blood to flow from right ventricle to the artery
Aortic semilunar valves -
allows blood to flow from left ventricle to the aorta

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6
Q

What is Stroke Volume?

A

The volume of blood pumped out of the heart in 1 contraction

Resting value is 70ml (50ml-100ml)

Factors = size of person + exercise

Exercising can increase size of ventricles, increasing amount of blood it can hold, increasing contraction force

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7
Q

What is Heart Rate?

A

The number of times your heart beats in a minute (bpm)

Resting value is 60-80 bpm

Exercising can increase the hearts efficiency, increasing amount of blood pumped out per beat, meaning it doesn’t need to pump as often

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8
Q

What is Cardiac Output? And Maximum Cardiac Output?

A

The amount of blood pumped out the heart per minute (l/min)

Resting value is 5 l/min

The maximum amount of blood that the heart can pump in 1 minute

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9
Q

What’s the formula for Cardiac Output?

What’s the formula for the Maximum Cardiac Output?

A

CO = SV x HR
Cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate

Max CO = SV x Max HR
Max Cardiac output = stroke volume x
max heart rate

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10
Q

What’s the formula for Maximum HR?

A

Max HR = 220 - age

220 is the absolute maximum for a heart rate

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11
Q

What are blood vessels?

A

A structure that carries blood around the body:
Arteries
Veins
Capillaries

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12
Q

What are the different structures of blood vessels?

A

Tunica Adventita/Externa -
outside layer of an artery or vein

Tunica Media -
middle layer of an artery or vein

Tunica Intima -
inside layer of an artery or vein, only layer of a capillary

Lumen -
space inside a blood vessel

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13
Q

What is the function, structure and pressure of an Artery?

A

F - Carry blood away from the heart
Carry oxygenated blood
S - Large vessels
Thick muscular and elastic walls
Narrow lumen
Connective tissue that provides strength
P - High pressure

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14
Q

What is the function, structure and pressure of a Vein?

A

F - Carry blood to the heart
Carry deoxygenated blood
S - Large lumen
Thin walls
Contains valves to prevent backflow
P - Low or negative pressure

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15
Q

What is the function, structure and pressure of a Capillary?

A

F - Allows exchange of molecules between
blood and body cells
Allows diffusion through the walls
S - Walls are 1 cell thick
Wide lumen
P - High hydrostatic pressure at the arterial
end

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16
Q

What is the function, structure and pressure of an Arteriole?

A

F - Can constrict and dilate
Contractions control the flow of blood
through the body
Connect arteries to capillaries
S - Smaller versions of arteries
Have thinner walls
P - Contract and dilate to adjust capillary
pressure

17
Q

What is the function, structure and pressure of a Venule?

A

F - Deliver oxygen and nutrients from
capillary beds to the veins
Connect capillaries to veins
S - Smaller version of veins
Lack valves
P - Lower pressure because they’re longer

18
Q

What is the function, structure and pressure of Pocket Valves?

A

F - Prevent backflow of blood
S - Three cups that are curved upward to form a small pocket
P - Low or negative pressure

19
Q

What is the cycle of the blood flow in the body?

A

Oxygenated blood leaves the lungs through the Pulmonary Vein to the Left Atrium then to the Left Ventricle. The Bicuspid Valve prevents backflow between the Left Atrium and Ventricle. The blood goes from the Left Ventricle to the Aorta. The Aortic Semilunar Valve prevents backflow between the Left Ventricle and Aorta. The Aorta carries oxygenated blood to the tissues in the body. The tissue uses the oxygen, and the blood becomes deoxygenated. The Vena Cava brings back the deoxygenated blood to the Right Atrium through to the Right Ventricle. The Tricuspid Valves prevent backflow between the Right Atrium and Ventricle. Then the blood goes through to the Pulmonary Artery. The Pulmonary semilunar valve prevents backflow between the Right Ventricle and Pulmonary Artery. The Pulmonary Artery takes the blood back to the lungs.

20
Q

What are the different components of blood?

A

Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets
Plasma
Oxygen
Carbon Dioxide
Haemoglobin (Hb)
Oxyhaemoglobin (HbO2)

21
Q

What are White Blood Cells?

A

Colourless cells that protect your body from disease and infection

22
Q

What are Platelets?

A

Cells that stop you from bleeding by clumping up together to create a clot

23
Q

What is Plasma?

A

Fluid that enable other cells to move around the body and transports CO2, Glucose, Nutrients and waste products

24
Q

What is Haemoglobin?

A

A protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen

25
Q

What is Oxyhaemoglobin?

A

The name of haemoglobin when carrying oxygen

26
Q

What are Red Blood Cells?

A

Cells that have haemoglobin to carry oxygen

27
Q

What is Venous Return?

A

The return of blood to the heart.

The placement of veins being in muscles or between muscles and bone allow them to be squeezed when the muscle contracts.

With the help of valves and vein placement venous blood is returned to the heart.

28
Q

What is the Vascular Shunt Mechanism (VSM)?

A

VSM is the redistribution of blood when exercising.

The Vasomotor control centre (VCC) controls the VSM.

The VSM makes sure every working muscle, heart, lung and brain has sufficient blood and oxygen supply to allow exercise.

At rest:
15-20% of blood is supplied to the muscles
80-85% of blood is supplied to the organs

At exercise:
80-85% of blood is supplied to the muscles
15-20% of blood is supplied to the organs

29
Q

What are pre-capillary sphincters?

A

Rings of smooth muscle between arterioles and capillaries

30
Q

What are the roles of arterioles and pre-capillary sphincters?

A

To regulate blood flow

31
Q

At rest how is blood flow regulated?

A

Arterioles to the organs dilate, increasing blood flow, while arterioles to the muscles constrict, limiting blood flow

Pre-capillary sphincters dilate, opening up the capillary beds which maximises blood flow to the organs, while constricting to close the capillary beds to the muscles

32
Q

During exercise how is blood flow regulated?

A

Arterioles to the organs constrict, limiting blood flow, while arterioles to the muscles dilate, increasing blood flow

Pre-capillary sphincters constrict to close the capillary beds to the organs, while dilating to open up the capillary beds to maximise blood flow to the muscles

33
Q

What is Vasodilation?

A

The widening or dilation of blood vessels

34
Q

What is Vasoconstriction?

A

The narrowing or constriction of blood vessels

35
Q

What are short term effects of exercise on the CV system?

A

+ Heart rate increases
+ Cardiac output increases
+ Increase in venous return and stroke volume

36
Q

What are long term effects of exercise on the CV system?

A

+ left ventricle increases in size, permanently increasing stroke volume
+ increase in maximal cardiac output
+ resting heart rate is lower
+ increase heart chamber size

37
Q

How does a warm up help the CV?

A

Raise body temperatures and increase blood flow to muscles
Raises heart rate
Warms up heart and blood vessels
Slowly increases stroke volume and cardiac output, meaning more blood is supplied to the muscles, increasing oxygen supply

38
Q

How does a cool down help the CV system?

A

Lets heart rate and blood pressure slowly recover to pre-exercise levels
Reduces heart rate at a safe pace
Slowly decreases stroke volume and cardiac output
VSM supplies more blood to the organs instead of the muscles

Sports - Unit 1: Body systems and physical activity (4 decks)

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