Cardiovascular system

Question 1

Describe the orientation (location) of the heart

Answer 1

the heart sits in the thoracic cavity located between the lungs.

the back of the heart against the vertebral column(spine) and front against sternum

Question 2

What side is the heart primarily located on

Answer 2

left. sitting within the thoracic cavity

Question 3

What is the low pointed end of the heart called ?

Answer 3

The apex - sitting on the diaphragm & fifth intercostal space

Question 4

what is an intercostal space

Answer 4

the gap within the ribcage covered by intercostal muscle.

Question 5

what is the purpose of intercostal muscles

Answer 5

helps expand and retract the ribcage. creating greater surface area for the respiratory system functions etc.

Question 6

The pericardium has four layers. Name in order :

Answer 6

fibrous pericardium
parietal layer -serous pericardium

pericardium cavity - space full of fluid

visceral layer of serious pericardium - epicardium

Question 7

what is the pericardium cavity

Answer 7

A space within the pericardium layers full of fluid to prevent friction and inflammation

Question 8

Heart wall consist of 3 layers what are they:

Answer 8

Epicardium - aka visceral serous pericardium

myocardium

endocardium

Question 9

What is the Myocardium and its function

Answer 9

the bulk of the heart made of cardiac muscle tissue.

interlaced with muscle cells& straited muscle fibre

causing involuntary contraction

Question 10

True or false - The heart beats on its own ?

Answer 10

True - involuntary muscle contraction through the SA Node sending signals for the heart to contract.

Question 11

What is the Endocardium and function

Answer 11

layers lining the chambers of the heart extending into blood vessels

it is smooth to reduce friction with blood when contracting

Question 12

How many Chambers of the heart are there

Answer 12

4
RA/LA
RV/LV

Question 13

Name the upper chambers and function

Answer 13

Right/Left Atrium
receives blood from the rest of the body (right) or lungs(left)

Question 14

Name the lower chambers and function

Answer 14

Right/Left Ventricles

pump blood out of the heart. to the lungs (right) to the rest of the body (left)

Question 15

where does Deoxygenated blood enter

Answer 15

enters through the RA by 3 vessels.

Coronary sinus
superior vena cava
inferior vena cava

Question 16

What is the function and location of the coronary sinus

Answer 16

location 1 of 3 veins supplying deoxygenated blood to the RA.

Function - Drains blood from vessels that supply the walls of the heart itself

Question 17

What is the function and location of Superior vena cava

Answer 17

Location 1 of 3 supplying deoxygenated blood to the RA.

Function - brings blood from the rest of the body ABOUVE the heart

Question 18

What is the function and location of Inferior vena cava

Answer 18

Location 1 of 3 supplying deoxygenated blood to the RA.

Function - Brings blood from the rest of the body BELOW the heart

Question 19

Once in the RA what happens to the deoxygenated blood

Answer 19

drains through the TRICUSPID VALVE into the RV right ventricle

Question 20

What does the RV do

Answer 20

Pumps blood through the Pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary trunk

Question 21

what does the pulmonary trunk do

Answer 21

separates into left and right pulmonary artery, which moves the deoxygenated blood to the lungs

Question 22

where is the pulmonary trunk located

Answer 22

just outside Right ventricle

Question 23

where is the tricuspid valve located

Answer 23

In-between the right Atrium and right ventricle

Question 24

where is the pulmonary semilunar valve located

Answer 24

lower Right ventricle pumps blood through the valve into the pulmonary trunk

Question 25

where does the pulmonary trunk pump blood to

Answer 25

moves deoxygenated blood through the left & right pulmonary artery to the lungs

Question 26

Newly oxygenated blood from the lungs moves through the ..... into the left Atrium

Answer 26

4 Pulmonary veins

Question 27

Oxygenated blood moves from the Left Atrium to the Left ventricle through what valve

Answer 27

Bicuspid

Question 28

from the left ventricle oxygenated blood pumps through the ...... into the Aorta

Answer 28

aortic semilunar valve

Question 29

Oxygenated blood moves through the aortic semilunar valve into the ....

Answer 29

Aorta

Question 30

Where is the Aorta

Answer 30

At the top of the heart : taking oxygenated blood to the rest of the body and the heart itself via the coronary arteries

Question 31

The heart needs to receive blood what arteries is responsible

Answer 31

coronary arteries

Question 32

Why does the Left ventricle need more muscles

Answer 32

pushes oxygenated blood through the aortic semilunar into aorta then around the body. It needs the strength to push blood around the body e.g. complete the cycle

Question 33

what does the bicuspid valve do

Answer 33

prevents NEWLY oxygenated blood to back flow into the left atrium

Question 34

Where is the bicuspid valve located

Answer 34

in-between the Left Atrium and Left Ventricle

Question 35

where is the Tricuspid valve located

Answer 35

In - between the Right Atrium and Right Ventricle

Question 36

What does the Tricuspid valve do

Answer 36

controls the flow of blood from your heart's right atrium (top chamber) to the right ventricle (bottom chamber) Also prevents backflow of deoxygenated blood

Question 37

The Bicuspid valve consists of 3 elements. what are they

Answer 37

Bicuspid valve cusps - opening and closing chordae tendineae - tendons which slack (relaxed aka open) Taut (flexed to close) papillary muscles - relax and contract to open and close

Question 38

What is Asystole

Answer 38

No activity within the heart - Cardiac Arrest

Question 39

Describe a NORMAL cardiac cycle

Answer 39

1) atrial systole/ventricular diastole 2) ventricular systole/atrial diastole

Question 40

Explain what Autorhythmic is in relation to the heart

Answer 40

The heart stimulates it's own contractions 'beating' at regular intervals ' rhythm'

Question 41

What 4 elements makes up the (condictio system)

Answer 41

Sinoatrial SA node Atrioventricular AV node AV bundle (bundle of His) Purkinje Fibres

Question 42

where is the SA node located

Answer 42

Right Atrial wall

Question 43

where is the Atrioventricular AV node located

Answer 43

interatrial septum. it is anterior to the opening of the coronary sinus

Question 44

where is the AV Bundle (bundle of His) located

Answer 44

in the intraventricular septum with left and right branches

Question 45

Where is the Purkinje Fibres located

Answer 45

It spreads stimulation over the ventricles. Located :in the subendocardial surface of ventricle walls

Question 46

What is an ECG

Answer 46

ElectroCardioGraphy

Question 47

In ECG what does the E stand for

Answer 47

Electro - Electrical activity

Question 48

In ECG what does the C stand for

Answer 48

Cardio - heart

Question 49

In ECG what does the G stand for

Answer 49

Graphy or Gram- image and visualisation of the heart.

Question 50

ECG Complex structure -

Answer 50

P wave QRS Complex T wave

Question 51

What is a P wave

Answer 51

depolarisation of the atria > atrial contraction

Question 52

What is the QRS Complex

Answer 52

depolarisation of the ventricles > ventricular contraction

Question 53

What is a T Wave

Answer 53

ventricles repolarise (relaxing), preparing for the next contraction.

Question 54

What is Sinus Rhythm

Answer 54

Regular rhythm with the P.QRS.T complex throughout regular intervals. A 'book' standard heart beat

Question 55

Describe Hypotension

Answer 55

Low blood pressure systolic below 90 diastolic below 60

Question 56

Describe Hypertension

Answer 56

VERY high blood pressure which IF NOT controlled can lead to hypertensive crisis. systolic below 141-180 diastolic below 80-120

Question 57

The Aorta and Carotid arteries contain small cells call Aortic bodies and carotid bodies. Both packed with receptors what are they called :

Answer 57

Aortic chemoreceptors Aortic Barorectoptors Carotid sinus chemoreceptors Carotid sinus Barorectoptors

Question 58

Where are Aortic bodies located

Answer 58

In the Aortic arch

Question 59

Where are the Carotid bodies located

Answer 59

in the Carotid sinus

Question 60

What is carotid bodies / Carotid Artery

Answer 60

a small body of vascular tissue that adjoins the carotid sinus. Location - Carotid artery (neck) that links to the heart

Question 61

What are Chemoreceptors

Answer 61

They detect change in : Drop in blood O2 concentration Rise in blood CO2 concentration Drop in blood pH (becoming more acidic)

Question 62

What are Baroreceptors

Answer 62

They detect change in Pressure: how much the vessel is stretched

Question 63

The Medulla oblongata contains 3 areas linked to cardiovascular activity. What are they ?

Answer 63

The Cardiovascular centre The Vasomotor centre The Respiratory centre

Question 64

What do the 3 areas linked to cardiovascular activity do ?

Answer 64

These three work together through several interconnected negative feedback systems to regulate heart rate and blood pressure.

Question 65

Signals from the Aortic bodies travel to the medulla through ...

Answer 65

Vagus Nerve

Question 66

Signals from the Carotid bodies travel to the medulla through ...

Answer 66

Glossopharyngeal nerves

Question 67

What is the vagus nerve

Answer 67

main nerves of your parasympathetic nervous system. This system controls specific body functions such as your digestion, heart rate and immune system. These functions are involuntary, meaning you can't consciously control them.

Question 68

what is the Glossopharyngeal nerves

Answer 68

the ninth set of 12 cranial nerves. It provides motor, parasympathetic and sensory information to your mouth and throat.