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A&P Paramedic Student > Cardiovascular system > Flashcards

Cardiovascular system Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe the orientation (location) of the heart

A

the heart sits in the thoracic cavity located between the lungs.

the back of the heart against the vertebral column(spine) and front against sternum

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2
Q

What side is the heart primarily located on

A

left. sitting within the thoracic cavity

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3
Q

What is the low pointed end of the heart called ?

A

The apex - sitting on the diaphragm & fifth intercostal space

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4
Q

what is an intercostal space

A

the gap within the ribcage covered by intercostal muscle.

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5
Q

what is the purpose of intercostal muscles

A

helps expand and retract the ribcage. creating greater surface area for the respiratory system functions etc.

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6
Q

The pericardium has four layers. Name in order :

A

fibrous pericardium
parietal layer -serous pericardium

pericardium cavity - space full of fluid

visceral layer of serious pericardium - epicardium

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7
Q

what is the pericardium cavity

A

A space within the pericardium layers full of fluid to prevent friction and inflammation

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8
Q

Heart wall consist of 3 layers what are they:

A

Epicardium - aka visceral serous pericardium

myocardium

endocardium

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9
Q

What is the Myocardium and its function

A

the bulk of the heart made of cardiac muscle tissue.

interlaced with muscle cells& straited muscle fibre

causing involuntary contraction

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10
Q

True or false - The heart beats on its own ?

A

True - involuntary muscle contraction through the SA Node sending signals for the heart to contract.

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11
Q

What is the Endocardium and function

A

layers lining the chambers of the heart extending into blood vessels

it is smooth to reduce friction with blood when contracting

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12
Q

How many Chambers of the heart are there

A

4
RA/LA
RV/LV

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13
Q

Name the upper chambers and function

A

Right/Left Atrium
receives blood from the rest of the body (right) or lungs(left)

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14
Q

Name the lower chambers and function

A

Right/Left Ventricles

pump blood out of the heart. to the lungs (right) to the rest of the body (left)

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15
Q

where does Deoxygenated blood enter

A

enters through the RA by 3 vessels.

Coronary sinus
superior vena cava
inferior vena cava

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16
Q

What is the function and location of the coronary sinus

A

location 1 of 3 veins supplying deoxygenated blood to the RA.

Function - Drains blood from vessels that supply the walls of the heart itself

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17
Q

What is the function and location of Superior vena cava

A

Location 1 of 3 supplying deoxygenated blood to the RA.

Function - brings blood from the rest of the body ABOUVE the heart

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18
Q

What is the function and location of Inferior vena cava

A

Location 1 of 3 supplying deoxygenated blood to the RA.

Function - Brings blood from the rest of the body BELOW the heart

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19
Q

Once in the RA what happens to the deoxygenated blood

A

drains through the TRICUSPID VALVE into the RV right ventricle

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20
Q

What does the RV do

A

Pumps blood through the Pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary trunk

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21
Q

what does the pulmonary trunk do

A

separates into left and right pulmonary artery, which moves the deoxygenated blood to the lungs

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22
Q

where is the pulmonary trunk located

A

just outside Right ventricle

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23
Q

where is the tricuspid valve located

A

In-between the right Atrium and right ventricle

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24
Q

where is the pulmonary semilunar valve located

A

lower Right ventricle pumps blood through the valve into the pulmonary trunk

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25
Q

where does the pulmonary trunk pump blood to

A

moves deoxygenated blood through the left & right pulmonary artery to the lungs

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26
Q

Newly oxygenated blood from the lungs moves through the ….. into the left Atrium

A

4 Pulmonary veins

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27
Q

Oxygenated blood moves from the Left Atrium to the Left ventricle through what valve

A

Bicuspid

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28
Q

from the left ventricle oxygenated blood pumps through the …… into the Aorta

A

aortic semilunar valve

29
Q

Oxygenated blood moves through the aortic semilunar valve into the ….

A

Aorta

30
Q

Where is the Aorta

A

At the top of the heart : taking oxygenated blood to the rest of the body and the heart itself via the coronary arteries

31
Q

The heart needs to receive blood what arteries is responsible

A

coronary arteries

32
Q

Why does the Left ventricle need more muscles

A

pushes oxygenated blood through the aortic semilunar into aorta then around the body.

It needs the strength to push blood around the body e.g. complete the cycle

33
Q

what does the bicuspid valve do

A

prevents NEWLY oxygenated blood to back flow into the left atrium

34
Q

Where is the bicuspid valve located

A

in-between the Left Atrium and Left Ventricle

35
Q

where is the Tricuspid valve located

A

In - between the Right Atrium and Right Ventricle

36
Q

What does the Tricuspid valve do

A

controls the flow of blood from your heart’s right atrium (top chamber) to the right ventricle (bottom chamber)

Also prevents backflow of deoxygenated blood

37
Q

The Bicuspid valve consists of 3 elements. what are they

A

Bicuspid valve cusps - opening and closing

chordae tendineae - tendons which slack (relaxed aka open) Taut (flexed to close)

papillary muscles - relax and contract to open and close

38
Q

What is Asystole

A

No activity within the heart - Cardiac Arrest

39
Q

Describe a NORMAL cardiac cycle

A

1) atrial systole/ventricular diastole
2) ventricular systole/atrial diastole

40
Q

Explain what Autorhythmic is in relation to the heart

A

The heart stimulates it’s own contractions ‘beating’ at regular intervals ‘ rhythm’

41
Q

What 4 elements makes up the (condictio system)

A

Sinoatrial SA node

Atrioventricular AV node

AV bundle (bundle of His)

Purkinje Fibres

42
Q

where is the SA node located

A

Right Atrial wall

43
Q

where is the Atrioventricular AV node located

A

interatrial septum.

it is anterior to the opening of the coronary sinus

44
Q

where is the AV Bundle (bundle of His) located

A

in the intraventricular septum with left and right branches

45
Q

Where is the Purkinje Fibres located

A

It spreads stimulation over the ventricles.

Located :in the subendocardial surface of ventricle walls

46
Q

What is an ECG

A

ElectroCardioGraphy

47
Q

In ECG what does the E stand for

A

Electro - Electrical activity

48
Q

In ECG what does the C stand for

A

Cardio - heart

49
Q

In ECG what does the G stand for

A

Graphy or Gram- image and visualisation of the heart.

50
Q

ECG Complex structure -

A

P wave
QRS Complex
T wave

51
Q

What is a P wave

A

depolarisation of the atria > atrial contraction

52
Q

What is the QRS Complex

A

depolarisation of the ventricles > ventricular contraction

53
Q

What is a T Wave

A

ventricles repolarise (relaxing), preparing for the next contraction.

54
Q

What is Sinus Rhythm

A

Regular rhythm with the P.QRS.T complex throughout regular intervals.

A ‘book’ standard heart beat

55
Q

Describe Hypotension

A

Low blood pressure
systolic below 90
diastolic below 60

56
Q

Describe Hypertension

A

VERY high blood pressure which IF NOT controlled can lead to hypertensive crisis.

systolic below 141-180
diastolic below 80-120

57
Q

The Aorta and Carotid arteries contain small cells call Aortic bodies and carotid bodies. Both packed with receptors what are they called :

A

Aortic chemoreceptors

Aortic Barorectoptors

Carotid sinus chemoreceptors

Carotid sinus Barorectoptors

58
Q

Where are Aortic bodies located

A

In the Aortic arch

59
Q

Where are the Carotid bodies located

A

in the Carotid sinus

60
Q

What is carotid bodies / Carotid Artery

A

a small body of vascular tissue that adjoins the carotid sinus.

Location - Carotid artery (neck) that links to the heart

61
Q

What are Chemoreceptors

A

They detect change in : Drop in blood O2 concentration

Rise in blood CO2 concentration

Drop in blood pH (becoming more acidic)

62
Q

What are Baroreceptors

A

They detect change in

Pressure: how much the vessel is stretched

63
Q

The Medulla oblongata contains 3 areas linked to cardiovascular activity. What are they ?

A

The Cardiovascular centre

The Vasomotor centre

The Respiratory centre

64
Q

What do the 3 areas linked to cardiovascular activity do ?

A

These three work together through several interconnected negative feedback systems to regulate heart rate and blood pressure.

65
Q

Signals from the Aortic bodies travel to the medulla through …

A

Vagus Nerve

66
Q

Signals from the Carotid bodies travel to the medulla through …

A

Glossopharyngeal nerves

67
Q

What is the vagus nerve

A

main nerves of your parasympathetic nervous system.

This system controls specific body functions such as your digestion, heart rate and immune system.

These functions are involuntary, meaning you can’t consciously control them.

68
Q

what is the
Glossopharyngeal nerves

A

the ninth set of 12 cranial nerves. It provides motor, parasympathetic and sensory information to your mouth and throat.

A&P Paramedic Student (7 decks)

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