Cardiovascular system Flashcards
Describe the orientation (location) of the heart
the heart sits in the thoracic cavity located between the lungs.
the back of the heart against the vertebral column(spine) and front against sternum
What side is the heart primarily located on
left. sitting within the thoracic cavity
What is the low pointed end of the heart called ?
The apex - sitting on the diaphragm & fifth intercostal space
what is an intercostal space
the gap within the ribcage covered by intercostal muscle.
what is the purpose of intercostal muscles
helps expand and retract the ribcage. creating greater surface area for the respiratory system functions etc.
The pericardium has four layers. Name in order :
fibrous pericardium
parietal layer -serous pericardium
pericardium cavity - space full of fluid
visceral layer of serious pericardium - epicardium
what is the pericardium cavity
A space within the pericardium layers full of fluid to prevent friction and inflammation
Heart wall consist of 3 layers what are they:
Epicardium - aka visceral serous pericardium
myocardium
endocardium
What is the Myocardium and its function
the bulk of the heart made of cardiac muscle tissue.
interlaced with muscle cells& straited muscle fibre
causing involuntary contraction
True or false - The heart beats on its own ?
True - involuntary muscle contraction through the SA Node sending signals for the heart to contract.
What is the Endocardium and function
layers lining the chambers of the heart extending into blood vessels
it is smooth to reduce friction with blood when contracting
How many Chambers of the heart are there
4
RA/LA
RV/LV
Name the upper chambers and function
Right/Left Atrium
receives blood from the rest of the body (right) or lungs(left)
Name the lower chambers and function
Right/Left Ventricles
pump blood out of the heart. to the lungs (right) to the rest of the body (left)
where does Deoxygenated blood enter
enters through the RA by 3 vessels.
Coronary sinus
superior vena cava
inferior vena cava
What is the function and location of the coronary sinus
location 1 of 3 veins supplying deoxygenated blood to the RA.
Function - Drains blood from vessels that supply the walls of the heart itself
What is the function and location of Superior vena cava
Location 1 of 3 supplying deoxygenated blood to the RA.
Function - brings blood from the rest of the body ABOUVE the heart
What is the function and location of Inferior vena cava
Location 1 of 3 supplying deoxygenated blood to the RA.
Function - Brings blood from the rest of the body BELOW the heart
Once in the RA what happens to the deoxygenated blood
drains through the TRICUSPID VALVE into the RV right ventricle
What does the RV do
Pumps blood through the Pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary trunk
what does the pulmonary trunk do
separates into left and right pulmonary artery, which moves the deoxygenated blood to the lungs
where is the pulmonary trunk located
just outside Right ventricle
where is the tricuspid valve located
In-between the right Atrium and right ventricle
where is the pulmonary semilunar valve located
lower Right ventricle pumps blood through the valve into the pulmonary trunk
where does the pulmonary trunk pump blood to
moves deoxygenated blood through the left & right pulmonary artery to the lungs
Newly oxygenated blood from the lungs moves through the ….. into the left Atrium
4 Pulmonary veins
Oxygenated blood moves from the Left Atrium to the Left ventricle through what valve
Bicuspid
from the left ventricle oxygenated blood pumps through the …… into the Aorta
aortic semilunar valve
Oxygenated blood moves through the aortic semilunar valve into the ….
Aorta
Where is the Aorta
At the top of the heart : taking oxygenated blood to the rest of the body and the heart itself via the coronary arteries
The heart needs to receive blood what arteries is responsible
coronary arteries
Why does the Left ventricle need more muscles
pushes oxygenated blood through the aortic semilunar into aorta then around the body.
It needs the strength to push blood around the body e.g. complete the cycle
what does the bicuspid valve do
prevents NEWLY oxygenated blood to back flow into the left atrium
Where is the bicuspid valve located
in-between the Left Atrium and Left Ventricle
where is the Tricuspid valve located
In - between the Right Atrium and Right Ventricle
What does the Tricuspid valve do
controls the flow of blood from your heart’s right atrium (top chamber) to the right ventricle (bottom chamber)
Also prevents backflow of deoxygenated blood
The Bicuspid valve consists of 3 elements. what are they
Bicuspid valve cusps - opening and closing
chordae tendineae - tendons which slack (relaxed aka open) Taut (flexed to close)
papillary muscles - relax and contract to open and close
What is Asystole
No activity within the heart - Cardiac Arrest
Describe a NORMAL cardiac cycle
1) atrial systole/ventricular diastole
2) ventricular systole/atrial diastole
Explain what Autorhythmic is in relation to the heart
The heart stimulates it’s own contractions ‘beating’ at regular intervals ‘ rhythm’
What 4 elements makes up the (condictio system)
Sinoatrial SA node
Atrioventricular AV node
AV bundle (bundle of His)
Purkinje Fibres
where is the SA node located
Right Atrial wall
where is the Atrioventricular AV node located
interatrial septum.
it is anterior to the opening of the coronary sinus
where is the AV Bundle (bundle of His) located
in the intraventricular septum with left and right branches
Where is the Purkinje Fibres located
It spreads stimulation over the ventricles.
Located :in the subendocardial surface of ventricle walls
What is an ECG
ElectroCardioGraphy
In ECG what does the E stand for
Electro - Electrical activity
In ECG what does the C stand for
Cardio - heart
In ECG what does the G stand for
Graphy or Gram- image and visualisation of the heart.
ECG Complex structure -
P wave
QRS Complex
T wave
What is a P wave
depolarisation of the atria > atrial contraction
What is the QRS Complex
depolarisation of the ventricles > ventricular contraction
What is a T Wave
ventricles repolarise (relaxing), preparing for the next contraction.
What is Sinus Rhythm
Regular rhythm with the P.QRS.T complex throughout regular intervals.
A ‘book’ standard heart beat
Describe Hypotension
Low blood pressure
systolic below 90
diastolic below 60
Describe Hypertension
VERY high blood pressure which IF NOT controlled can lead to hypertensive crisis.
systolic below 141-180
diastolic below 80-120
The Aorta and Carotid arteries contain small cells call Aortic bodies and carotid bodies. Both packed with receptors what are they called :
Aortic chemoreceptors
Aortic Barorectoptors
Carotid sinus chemoreceptors
Carotid sinus Barorectoptors
Where are Aortic bodies located
In the Aortic arch
Where are the Carotid bodies located
in the Carotid sinus
What is carotid bodies / Carotid Artery
a small body of vascular tissue that adjoins the carotid sinus.
Location - Carotid artery (neck) that links to the heart
What are Chemoreceptors
They detect change in : Drop in blood O2 concentration
Rise in blood CO2 concentration
Drop in blood pH (becoming more acidic)
What are Baroreceptors
They detect change in
Pressure: how much the vessel is stretched
The Medulla oblongata contains 3 areas linked to cardiovascular activity. What are they ?
The Cardiovascular centre
The Vasomotor centre
The Respiratory centre
What do the 3 areas linked to cardiovascular activity do ?
These three work together through several interconnected negative feedback systems to regulate heart rate and blood pressure.
Signals from the Aortic bodies travel to the medulla through …
Vagus Nerve
Signals from the Carotid bodies travel to the medulla through …
Glossopharyngeal nerves
What is the vagus nerve
main nerves of your parasympathetic nervous system.
This system controls specific body functions such as your digestion, heart rate and immune system.
These functions are involuntary, meaning you can’t consciously control them.
what is the
Glossopharyngeal nerves
the ninth set of 12 cranial nerves. It provides motor, parasympathetic and sensory information to your mouth and throat.
