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Pe A Level Crush > cardiovascular system > Flashcards

cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system do

A

Stimulates the heart to beat faster

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2
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous system do

A

Returns your heart rate to its resting level

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3
Q

What order does an impulse travel in

A

SAN- atrial systole- AVN- bundle of his- bundle branches- purkinje fibres-ventricular systole

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4
Q

What is the SAN also known as

A

Sinal atrial node, pace maker

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5
Q

What does the AVN do

A

Atrial ventricular node, delays cardiac impulse by 0.1s so that the atrium can fully contract and push out all of the blood

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6
Q

Where are chemoreceptors found

A

They are found in the carotid arteries and aortic arch

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7
Q

What to chemoreceptors detect and react to

A

Chemical changes

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8
Q

Why is it important for chemoreceptors to detect chemical changes

A

Excess co2 increases acidity in blood which will denature enzymes and impair physiological functions

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9
Q

What type of impulse sent and where does it go for chemoreceptors and what is the response to this

A

Sent to sympathetic nervous system, HR will increase so increased removal of lactic acid

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10
Q

Where are baroreceptors found

A

Aortic arch, carotid sinus heart and pulmonary vessels

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11
Q

What do baroreceptors detect and react to

A

The increase of blood pressure- this will increase stretch of baroreceptors to decrease heart rate
The decrease of blood pressure- this will decrease the stretch of baroreceptors to increase heart rate

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12
Q

Why is it important for baroreceptors to detect the increase and decrease of blood pressure

A

To establish a set point for blood pressure so that the HR wont slow down as a decrease in HR means negative performace

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13
Q

What type of impulse will a baroreceptors make and where will it be sent

A

Any increase or decrease in the sent point will send a signal to the medulla oblongta to increase BP or decrease it again

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14
Q

Where are the propioreceptors found

A

In muscles, tendons and joints

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15
Q

What do propioreceptors detect and react to

A

Movement

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16
Q

What type of impulse do propioreceptors make and where are they sent to

A

Sympathetic impulse send to sinal atrial node to increase HR which will increase O2 delivery to muscles

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17
Q

Stroke volume

A

The volume of blood pumped out by the ventricles in each contraction

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18
Q

What are the 3 things stroke volume depends on

A

Venous return, starlings law, contractility of cardiac tissue

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19
Q

What is venous return

A

The volume of blood returning to the heart via the veins, if VR increases then SV will also increase, the more blood enters the heart so more must be ejected

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20
Q

What is starlings law

A

During dystole, the more blood that fills the heart the more it needs to stretch, SV will increase as the ventricular volume increases due to the muscle cells stretching t cause a more forceful reaction (think of an elastic band)

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21
Q

What is the contractility of cardiac tissue

A

The more forceful the heart can contract, the greater the stroke volume can be eg mo farrahs HR is lower because it can contract more as he is a trained professional adult,
Trained adults : 85%
Normal adults: 60%

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22
Q

What is cardiovascular drift

A

An increase in HR despite the working at the same intensity

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23
Q

Why does cardiovascular drift occur

A

When we sweat we loose fluid so plasma volume decreases, increasing blood viscosity which increases resistance to blood flow so there is a decrease in stroke volume

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24
Q

What is the pulmonary vascular system

A

Deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs and oxygenated blood back to the heart

25
Q

What is the systemic vascular system

A

Oxygenate blood to the body from the heart and then the return of deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart

26
Q

Blood pressure

A

Force exerted by the blood against the blood vessel wall

27
Q

What is venous return

A

The amount of blood returning to the right side of the heart via the vena cava

28
Q

What are the 3 ways that venous return is overcome by

A

Skeletal muscle pump
Respiratory pump
Pocket valves

29
Q

What is skeletal muscle pump

A

When mucuses contract and relax they can change shape pressing on the veins causes a pumping affect to squeeze blood towards the heart, the changes in pressure compresses beardy veins and assist blood return to the heart

30
Q

What is respiratory pump

A

During inspiration and expiration our muscles contract and relax causing pressure changes In the thoracic (chest) and abdominal (stomach) cavities

31
Q

What is respiratory pump

A

During inspiration and expiration our muscles contract and relax causing pressure changes In the thoracic (chest) and abdominal (stomach) cavities

32
Q

Pocket valves

A

Blood in the veins should flow one direction so valves ensure that a this happens, after blood has passed through they close to prevent the back flow of blood

33
Q

3 ways pocket valves in venous return help push blood back to body

A
  • gravity (helps blood return to the heart from upper body)
  • smooth muscle ( the walls of veins helps squeeze blood back towards the heart) - the suction pump action of the heat
34
Q

3 ways pocket valves in venous return help push blood back to body

A
  • gravity (helps blood return to the heart from upper body)
  • smooth muscle ( the walls of veins helps squeeze blood back towards the heart) - the suction pump action of the heart
35
Q

What is angina

A

The pain and discomfort caused by the narrowing of the arteries which leads to a lack of oxygen to the heart, if atheroma breaks off in the coronary artery it can cause a blood clot to block the artery and cause a heart attack

36
Q

How to prevent heart disease

A

Regular excerise…
pumps more blood around the body (cardiac hypertrophy)
Increases SV
Improves flexibility of blood vessels which ensures good blood flow, normal pressure and low cholesterol vessels.

37
Q

What is high blood pressure

A

and it is an indicator of heart attacks and strokes, its caused by the hardening of the arteries and a reduction in size of the lumen (arteriosclerosis)
(HBP is alsso Known as hypertension)

38
Q

What does Low density lipoprotein LDL do

A

Transport cholesterol in the blood to the tissues which increases risk of heart disease

39
Q

What does HDL do (high density lipoprotein)

A

Transport excess cholesterol to the liver where its broken down, decrease in heart disease

40
Q

how does a stroke occur and what does it lead too

A

Occurs when the blood supply to the brain is cut off
Leads to brain injury, disability and sometimes death

41
Q

what is oxyhemoglobin disassociation

A

02 releases to tissues

42
Q

what is vascular shunt

A

redirection of blood flow to the most demanding areas.

43
Q

what is blood pressure and blood flow controlled by

A

vasomotor in the medulla oblongata

44
Q

what does the chemoreceptors stimulate
(to do with controlling blood flow)

A

they stimulate the vasomotor center which will redistribute blood flow through vasodilation and vasoconstriction.

45
Q

what are 3 factors that shift the bohr curve

A

blood temp, partial pressure of CO2 and PH

46
Q

what combines with O2 in the muscle cell and why

A

Myoglobin, it has a higher affinity for O2 stores

47
Q

where does myoglobin store the O2

A

in the mitochondria until it needs to be used by the muscles (used for aerobic exercise)

48
Q

Where is myoglobin found

A

slow twitch muscles

49
Q

associate and disassociate

A

associate= O2 joins hemoglobin (HB)
disassociate= O2 departs from HB

50
Q

what happens to the O2 during exercise

A

3% dissolves into plasma
97% combines to hemoglobin to form oxyhemoglobin

51
Q

why is redistribution of blood important

A

-directs more blood to the heart
- ensures blood gets to the skin so you can sweat to regulate body temp
-Increases blood supply to working muscles
-removes waste product (e.g. CO2, lactic acid)

52
Q

what are pre-capillary sphincters and what do they do

A

rings of muscles located in opening of capillaries that control weather the blood flows through capillary or not

53
Q

what happens when the pre-capillary sphincters relax and contract

A

relax- blood flows through all of the capillary supplying entire tissue
contraction- blood flows straight through, missing capillaries ‘shunting’ blood away from the tissue

54
Q

what is the Arterio-venous difference

A

the difference between the O2 content of the arterial blood arriving at the muscles and the venous blood leaving the muscles

55
Q

what happens to the arterio-venous difference while at rest

A

its low because muscles do not require much O2

56
Q

what happens to the arterio-venous difference while exercising

A

muscles need more O2 so arterio-venous difference is high

57
Q

what are the 4 valves

A

Bicuspid valve connecting the left atrium with the left ventricle.​

Aortic semilunar valve connecting the left ventricle with the aorta.​

Tricuspid valve connecting the right atrium with the right ventricle.​

Pulmonary semilunar valve connecting the right ventricle and pulmonary artery

58
Q

how does the electrical impulse travel

A

through a waveof excitation

Pe A Level Crush (2 decks)

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