Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ASCI 2120 Exam 3 > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the five main functions of the cardiovascular system?

A

Carry blood, exchange materials, transport substances, regulate pressure, direct bloodflow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How many atrioventricular (AV) valves are there? What are they called?

A

Two: tricupid aka right AV valve; and bicuspid aka mitral aka left AV valve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How many semilunar (SL) valves are there? What are they called?

A

Two: pulmonary semilunar valve and aortic semilunar valve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Tell me about the fibrous skeleton of the heart.

A

Consists of four dense bands of tough, elastic tissue that encircle the bases of the pulmonary trunk and aorta and the heart valves.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the five classes (types) of blood vessels?

A

Arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venuoles, veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the three layers of the walls of blood vessels?

A

Tunica adventitia (externa), tunica media, and tunica interna (intima).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Do capillaries have the normal 3-layered walls that other blood vessels have?

A

No tunica media or tunica externa; it’s an endothelial tube inside a thin basal lamina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the three types of capillaries?

A

Continuous, fenestrated, and sinusoidal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Tell me about the structure and functions of continuous capillaries.

A

Have a complete endothelial lining; located in all tissues except epithelia and cartilage; permit diffusion of water, small solutes, and lipied-soluble materials. Block blood cells and plasma proteins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Tell me about the structure and function of fenestrated capillaries.

A

Contains pores; located along the endocrine organs, kidneys, and intestinal tract; permit rapid exchange of water and larger solutes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Tell me about the structure and function of sinusoidal capillaries.

A

Have gaps between endothelial cells; located in liver, spleen, bone marrow, and endocrine organs; permit free exchange of water and large plasma proteins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is an arteriovenous anastomoses (shunt)?

A

Direct connection between arterioles and venules; bypasses the capillary bed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a capillary sphincter?

A

Guards entrance to each capillary; opens and closes, causing capillary blood to flow in pulses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is vasomotion?

A

The contraction and relaxation cycle of capillary sphincters; causes blood flow in capillary beds to constantly change routes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

In a single heartbeat, which pumps first, the atria or the ventricles?

A

The atria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the two types of cardiac muscle cells?

A

The ones in the conducting system (control and coordinate heartbeat) and the contractile cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the conducting system?

A

A system of specialized cardiac muscle cells that initiate and distribute electrical impulses that stimulate contraction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the parts of the conducting system?

A

The sinoatrial (SA) node, the atrioventricular (AV) node, and the conducting cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where is the SA node?

A

In the wall of the right atrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where is the AV node?

A

The junction between the atria and the ventricles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are conducting cells and what structures are they organized into?

A

They interconnect the SA and AV nodes and distribute the contractile stimulus throughout the myocardium; AV (His) bundle, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers

22
Q

What is prepotential (aka pacemaker potential)?

A

Resting potential of conducting cells

23
Q

What part of the heart depolarizes first and establishes the heart rate?

A

The SA node

24
Q

What do pacemaker cells do?

A

They rhythmically depolarize and initiate an action potential, creating a stable heart rate.

25
Q

How long does it take for an impulse to pass through the AV node and into the AV bundle?

A

100 msec

26
Q

What do Purkinje fibers do?

A

Distribute a contractile stimulus to the contractile cells in the ventricles

27
Q

What happens in the rapid depolarization step of an action potential in a contractile cell?

A

Voltage-gated sodium channels open

28
Q

What happens in the plateau step of an action potential in a contractile cell?

A

Voltage-regulated calcium channels open

29
Q

What happens in the repolarization step of an action potential in a contractile cell?

A

Potassium channels open

30
Q

Is the refractory period in contractile cells relatively long or short? What is the purpose of this?

A

Long, so no tetanic contractions.

31
Q

What is an ECG?

A

An electrocardiogram is a recording of electrical events in the heart obtained by electrodes at specific body locations

32
Q

What are the five letters that denote parts of an ECG?

A

P wave: little bump where atria depolarize
QRS complex: ventricles depolarize
T wave: little bump where ventricles repolarize

33
Q

What is systole and what is diastole?

A

Systole is contraction and diastole is relaxation

34
Q

What are the 6 steps in the cardiac cycle?

A

Atrial systole: atrial contraction begins; right and left AV valves are open; atria eject blood into ventricles
Atrial systole ends; ventricles contain maximum volume and atrial diastole begins
Ventricular systole: pressure in ventricles has risen (isovolumetric ventricular contraction), causing the AV valves to shut
Ventricular ejection: SL valves open; blood flows into pulmonary and aortic trunks
Ventricular diastole: SL valves close; ventricular pressure is higher than atrial pressure; all valves are closed
Atrial pressure is higher than ventricular pressure: AV valves open, passive atrial and ventricular filling; cardiac cycle starts again

35
Q

What is isovolumetric ventricular contraction?

A

When the pressure in the ventricles increases but the volume doesn’t

36
Q

What happens if the right AV valve has a valvular insufficiency?

A

Aka tricuspid regurgitation; fatigue, arrhythmia, pulsing in the neck (jugular groove), shortness of breath with activity, swelling in the belly, legs, or neck veins

37
Q

What happens if the left AV valve has a valvular insuffiency?

A

Aka mitral regurgitation; arrhythmias, shortness of breath especially when in decubit (dorsal, lateral, or sternal); swollen manus and pes

38
Q

What is end-diastolic volume (EDV)?

A

The amount of blood in each ventricle at the end of ventricular diastole

39
Q

What is end-systolic volume (ESV)?

A

The amount of blood remaining in each ventricle at the end of ventricular systole

40
Q

What is the stroke volume?

A

The amount of blood pumped out of each ventricle during a single beat

41
Q

What is the ejection fraction?

A

The percentage of the EDV represented by the SV (60% at rest)

42
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

The amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in 1 minute
CO - SV x HR

43
Q

What is circulatory pressure?

A

The pressure difference between the base of the ascending aorta and the entrance to the right atrium
Three components: blood (arterial) pressure, capillary hydrostatic pressure (CHP), and venous pressure

44
Q

What is arterial blood pressure?

A

The difference (pulse pressure) between the peak blood pressure during ventricular systole and the minimum blood pressure during ventricular diastole

45
Q

What is capillary hydrostatic pressure (CHP)?

A

The pressure within capillary beds

46
Q

What is venous pressure?

A

The pressure within the venous system

47
Q

How do central neural mechanisms regulate the cardiovascular system?

A

They respond to changes in the arterial pressure or blood gas levels

47
Q

What is autoregulation in the cardiovascular system?

A

Local factors change the pattern of blood flow within capillary beds in response to chemical changes in interstitial fluids

48
Q

What are the 3 cardiovascular centers of the medulla oblongata and what do they do?

A

Cardioacceleratory center: controls sympathetic neurons and increases HR
Cardioinhibitory center: controls parasympathetic neurons and slows HR
Vasomotor centers: control the activity of sympathetic motor neurons, vasoconstriction of peripheral vessels in most tissues, and vasodilation in skeletal muscles and brain

49
Q

What are the 3 special shunts in fetuses and what do they do?

A

Ductus venosus: allows oxygenated blood in the umbilical vein to bypass the liver
Ductus arteriosus: allows oxygenated blood to bypass the baby’s lungs and go straight to the body
Foramen ovale: allows blood to go around the lungs

ASCI 2120 Exam 3 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions