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ASCI 2120 Exam 3 > Blood, Lymph, and Immunity > Flashcards

Blood, Lymph, and Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of blood?

A

Transports O2, nutrients, waste products, hormones, white blood cells, and platelets
Regulates body temperature and pH
Defends against pathogens and provides clotting factors

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2
Q

What are anticoagulants?

A

Substances that tie up clotting factors and prevent blood from clotting e.g. EDTA

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3
Q

What is serum?

A

Plasma - clotting proteins

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4
Q

What are the main plasma proteins in blood?

A

Albumins (transport lipids and steroids), transport globulins (transport ions, hormones, and lipids), immunoglobulins (antibodies), fibrinogen

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5
Q

What is the difference between plasma and interstitial fluid?

A

Plasma is an intravascular fluid and interstitial fluid is just between cells. They are different in dissolved protein concentrations and levels of respiratory gases.

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6
Q

What are the formed elements of blood?

A

RBCs, WBCs, platelets

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7
Q

What is the function of RBCs?

A

Transport of respiratory gases

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8
Q

What is hematocrit?

A

Aka PCV, percentage of RBCs in centrifuged whole blood

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9
Q

Can RBCs divide? Can they repair themselves? Do they have a nucleus?

A

No, no, and no

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10
Q

Why is the shape and size of RBCs important?

A

High surface-to-volume ratio; discs form stacks that smooth the flow through narrow blood vessels; discs bend and flex; short diffusion distance

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11
Q

What is hemoglobin?

A

A protein that transports respiratory gases; has 4 globular protein subunits, each with 1 molecule heme and each heme contains 1 iron ion, which forms a weak bond with O2

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12
Q

What is the difference between oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin?

A

Oxyhemoglobin is bright red and carries oxygenated blood in arteries. Deoxyhemoglobin is dark red and is in veins.

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13
Q

What is anemia?

A

Hematocrit or hemoglobin levels below normal

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14
Q

What is polycythemia?

A

An increase in the number of RBCs due to something like dehydration.

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15
Q

What do surface antigens (agglutinogens) do?

A

Trigger immune responses

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16
Q

What are antibodies?

A

Globular proteins that bind to specific “foreign” antigens and promote their destruction or removal from the body

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17
Q

Tell me about the structure and function of leukocytes.

A

Do not have hemoglobin; have nuclei and other organelles. Defend against pathogens, remove toxins and wastes, and attack abnormal cells

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18
Q

What are the two types of leukocytes (structurally)?

A

Granulocytes (basophils, neutrophils, and eosinophils) and agranulocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes)

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19
Q

What are some special characteristics of WBCs?

A

Capable of amoeboid movement; can migrate out of the bloodstream; some (neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes) can phagocytize

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20
Q

What’s the difference between monocytes and macrophages?

A

Macrophages are monocytes that have moved out of the bloodstream and into peripheral tissues

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21
Q

Describe the structure and function of neutrophils

A

Very dense segmented nucleus; granules contain lysosomal enzymes and bactericidal compounds like hydrogen peroxide; phagocytize small microorganisms; 1st line of defense

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22
Q

Describe the structure and function of eosinophils.

A

Bilobed nucleus; phagocytize toxic compounds (bacteria, protozoa, or cellular debris); defend against large multicellular parasites; release anti-inflammatory substances

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23
Q

Describe the structure and function of basophils.

A

Nucleus not visible; release histamine (dilates blood vessels) and heparin (prevents blood clotting)

24
Q

Describe the structure and function of monocytes

A

Big kidney shaped nucleus; major and aggressive phagocytes that release chemicals to attract and stimulate other phagocytic cells; secrete substances that lure fibroblasts into the region to produce scar tissue

25
Q

Describe the structure and function of lymphocytes

A

Large round nucleus; migrate in and out of blood; T cells (cell-mediated immunity) directly attack foreign invaders; B cells (humoral immunity) produce and distribute antibodies; NK cells (immune surveillance)

26
Q

Describe the structure and function of thrombocytes.

A

Cell fragments; release important clotting chemicals, temporarily patch damaged vessel walls; actively contract tissues after clot formation

27
Q

What is hemostasis?

A

The process by which blood is prevented from leaking from damaged blood vessels

28
Q

What are the three phases of hemostasis?

A

Vascular phase: a cut triggers vascular spasm; smooth muscle cells contract and endothelial cell membranes become sticky
Platelet phase: platelets attach to exposed surfaces and form a platelet plug
Coagulation phase: blood clotting; conversion of circulating fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin

29
Q

What is fibrinolysis?

A

As the repairs proceed, the clot is gradually dissolved by enzymes

30
Q

What is hematopoeisis?

A

The entire process of all blood cell production (in red bone marrow)

31
Q

What is leukemia?

A

Increase in WBCs in blood

32
Q

What are the 4 components of the lymphatic system?

A

Lymph (similar to plasma but does not have plasma proteins), lymphatic vessels, lymphoid tissues/organs, and lymphocytes (T B and NK cells)

33
Q

What are the functions of the lymphatic system?

A

The production, maintenance, and distribution of lymphocytes (immune function); the return of fluid and solutes from peripheral tissues to the blood, also transports hormones, nutrients, and waste products

34
Q

What are the lymphatic vessels from smallest to biggest

A

Lymphatic capillaries (terminal lymphatics), lymphatic vessels (lymphatics), lymphatic trunks, lymphatic ducts

35
Q

What is the function of lymph nodes

A

Filters and purifies lymph before it reaches venous circulation. Removes debris, pathogens, and 99% of antigens

36
Q

Describe the structure and function of the spleen.

A

The largest lymphoid organ; red pulp contains blood vessels and storage space (sinuses); white pulp contains localized areas of lymphoid tissue; removes foreign materials and dead, dying, or abnormal RBCs

37
Q

What is the path of lymph flow through a lymph node?

A

Afferent lymphatics
Subcapsular sinus
Outer cortex (B cells)
Deep cortex (T cells)
Medulla (B cells, macrophages)
Efferent lymphatics

38
Q

Describe the structure and function of the thymus.

A

Lies on either side of the trachea (two lobules); each lobule has a cortex and medulla.
Final site of T cell devleopment; secrete a group of hormones (thymosin) to stimulate T cell development

39
Q

What does gut-associated lymphoid tissue include?

A

Tonsils, Peyer’s patches (organized lymphoid follicles), and specialized M cells (transport microbes from the intestine to the other side for macrophages)

40
Q

What is the difference between innate and acquired immunity?

A

Innate is nonspecific and does not distinguish one type of threat from another. Acquired is specific and protects against particular threats.

41
Q

What are the seven types of nonspecific immunity?

A

Physical barrier, phagocytes, immunological surveillance (NK cells), interferons, complement system, inflammation, fever

42
Q

How do NK cells work?

A

They recognize and destory abnormal cells by detecting the antigens on their cell membranes and lysing them by forming pores with perforin

43
Q

What are interferons?

A

Small proteins released by activated lymphocytes and macrophages and by tissue cells infected with viruses. Trigger production of antiviral proteins, which do not kill viruses but block their replication in a cell

44
Q

What is the complement system?

A

11 complement proteins that supplement the action of antibodies by forming a membrane attack complex (MAC) on target cell membranes, which forms a pore

45
Q

What are the five cardinal signs of inflammation?

A

Swelling, redness, warmth, pain, loss of function

46
Q

What does histamine do?

A

Increases dilation of blood vessels and capillary permeability

47
Q

What does heparin do?

A

Inhibits clotting

48
Q

What are pyrogens?

A

Proteins that can reset a body’s thermostat and raise body temperature

49
Q

What are the four properties of specific immunity?

A

Specificity, versatility, memory, and tolerance

50
Q

Describe T cells

A

Cytotoxic T cells: release perforin
Helper T cells: stimulate both T and B cells
Suppressor T cells: inhibit T and B cells

51
Q

Describe B cells

A

Responsible for antibody (humoral)-mediated immunity

52
Q

Describe the structure of an antibody

A

2 parallel pairs of polypeptide chains (1 pair heavy 1 pair light). Each chain contains constant segments and variable segments

53
Q

What are the five types of constant segments on an antibody?

A

IgG, IgE, IgD, IgM, or IgA

54
Q

What are variable segments on an antibody?

A

Contain antigen-binding sites

55
Q

What are the seven actions of antibodies?

A

Neutralization of antigen binding sites; precipitation and agglutination (formation of immune complex); activation of complement; attraction of phagocytes; opsonization (increasing phagocyte efficiency); stimulation of inflammation; prevention of bacterial and viral adhesion

56
Q
A

ASCI 2120 Exam 3 (4 decks)

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