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ASCI2120 Exam 3 > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the cardiovascular system?

A

To provides a pump (the heart) that circulate the fluid (the blood) and a series of conduction hoses (the blood vessels) that carry it throughout the body

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2
Q

What do arteries do?

A

carry blood away from the heart

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3
Q

What do veins do?

A

return blood to the heart

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4
Q

What are capillaries?

A

they form a bed connecting the smallest arteries (arterioles) and veins (venuoles)

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5
Q

What does the pulmonary system include?

A

Blood to and from the lungs

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6
Q

What does the systemic system include?

A

Blood to and from the rest of the body

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7
Q

What are valves?

A

Mechanical devices that permit the flow of blood in one direction only

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8
Q

What are the atrioventricular valves?

A

tricuspid and bicuspid valve

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9
Q

What are the other names for the bicuspid valve?

A

left AV valve, mitral valve

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10
Q

What is the other name for the tricuspid valve?

A

right AV valve

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11
Q

What are the semilunar valves?

A

halfmoon shaped flaps, includes pulmonary semilunar valve and aortic semilunar valve

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12
Q

Where is the pulmonary semilunar valve located?

A

At the entrance of the pulmonary artery

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13
Q

Where is aortic semilunar valve located?

A

At the entrance of the aorta

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14
Q

What are cardiac muscles wrapped by?

A

a strong but elastic sheath, and adjacent cells are tied together by fibrous cross links

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15
Q

What does the fibrous skeleton of the heart consist of?

A

Four dense bands of tough, elastic tissue that encircle the bases of the pulmonary trunk and aorta and the heart valves

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16
Q

What are the 5 classes of blood vessels and describe them:

A
  1. arteries: carry blood away from the heart
  2. arterioles: are smallest branches of arteries
  3. capillaries: are the smallest blood vessels and are located between blood and interstitial fluid
  4. venules: collect blood from capillaries
  5. veins: return blood to heart
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17
Q

What are the three layers of arteries and veins?

A

tunica adventitia, tunica media, tunica interna (includes the endothelial lining a connective tissue layer)

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18
Q

What are the functions of capillaries?

A
  • location of all exchange functions of cardiovascular system
  • materials diffuse between blood and interstitial fluid
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19
Q

What are the structures of capillaries?

A
  • endothelial tube, inside thin basal lamina
  • no tunica media
  • no tunica externa
  • diameter is similar to red blood cell
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20
Q

What are the three types of capillaries?

A
  1. continuous capillaries
  2. fenestrated capillaries
  3. sinusoids
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21
Q

What is the structure of continuous capillaries?

A
  • complete endothelial lining
  • small solutes and water
  • all tissues except epithelial and cartilage
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22
Q

What are the functions of continuous capillaries?

A

permit the diffusion of:
- water
- small solutes
- lipid-soluble materials

block:
- blood cells
- plasma proteins

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23
Q

What are the structures of fenestrated capillaries?

A

pores, endocrine organs (kidneys, intestinal tract)

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24
Q

What are the functions of fenestrated capillaries?

A

permit the rapid exchange of water and larger solutes

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25
Q

What is the structure of sinusoids?

A

they have gaps between adjacent endothelial cells

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26
Q

What do sinusoids do?

A

permit free exchange of water and large plasma proteins

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27
Q

Where are sinusoids located?

A

liver, spleen, bone marrow, endocrine glands

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28
Q

What are arteriovenous anastomosis?

A

direct connections between arterioles and venules. They bypass the capillary valve

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29
Q

What is the capillary sphincter?

A

It guards the entrance to each capillary. It opens and closes, causing capillary blood to flow in pulses

30
Q

What is vasomotion?

A

the contraction and relaxation cycle of capillary sphincters. It causes blood flow in capillary beds to constantly change routes

31
Q

What does the capillary blood or plexus do?

A

usually connects 1 arteriole and 1 venule

32
Q

How is blood distributed?

A

the total blood volume is unevenly distributed among arteries, veins, and capillaries. Heart, arteries, and capillaries: 30-35% of blood volume & venous system: 60-65%. 1/3 of venous blood is the large venous networks of the liver, bone marrow, and skin (the venous reserve)

33
Q

What is a heartbeat?

A

a single contraction of the heart

34
Q

What is the series of a heartbeat?

A

first the atria, then the ventricles, in a coordinated manner so that blood flows in the right direction at the proper time

35
Q

What are the types of cardiac muscle cells?

A

conducting system: controls and coordinates heartbeat

contractile cells: produce contractions

36
Q

What is the conducting system?

A

A system of specialized cardiac muscles cells. It initiates and distributes electrical impulses that stimulate contraction. It also has automaticity, meaning that the cardiac muscle tissue contracts automatically

37
Q

What are the parts of the conducting system and where are they located?

A
  • sinoatrial (SA) node: located in the wall of the right atrium
  • atrioventricular (AV) node: located at the junction between the atria and ventricles
  • conduction cells: innterconnect the two nodes and distribute the contractile stimulus throughout the myocardium
38
Q

What do the conducting cells include?

A
  • internodal pathways
  • AV bundle
  • bundle branches
  • purkinje fibers
39
Q

What is prepotential - sinoatrial?

A

Also called the pacemaker potential, is the resting potential of conducting cells (leaking channels, gradually depolarizes toward threshold). SA node depolarizes first, establishing heart rate.

40
Q

Describe the heart rate.

A
  • SA node generates 60-11 action potentials per minute –> pacemaker
  • sympathetic neurons can increase the rate of depolarization of SA node and increase heart rate: parasympathetic stimulation slows heart rate
  • AV node generates 40-60 action potentials per minute
41
Q

Describe impulse conduction through the heart (AV).

A
  • the action potential of SA nodes affects only the atria
  • AV nodes takes about 100 msec for the impulse to pass through the AV node and enter the AV bundle
42
Q

What is the relevance of defibrillation?

A
  • some disease hearts develop one or more ectopic pacemakers (other than SA node)
  • cardiac msucle cells receive action potentials from more than one direction
  • the defibrillator sends a large electrical current of short duraction to repolarized all the cells at the same time and resume the SA as pacemaker
43
Q

What are contractile cells?

A

form the bulk of the atrial and ventricular walls and produce the powerful contractions that propel blood. 99% of muscles in the heart

purkinje fibers distribute the stimulus to the contractile cells in ventricles

44
Q

Describe the three steps of action potentials in contractile cells.

A

step 1. rapid depolarization
- voltage-regulated sodium channels (fast) open

step 2. the plateau
- voltage-regulated calcium channels (slow) open
- the presence of a plateau is the major difference between action potentials in cardiac and skeletal muscle fibers

step 3. repolarization
- slow potassium channels open
- the refractory period: long, so no tetanic contractions

45
Q

What is an electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)?

A
  • a recording of electrical events in the heart
  • obtained by electrodes at specific body locations
  • abnormal patterns diagnose damage
46
Q

What are the important landmarks of an ECG?

A
  • P wave: atria depolarize
  • QRS complex: ventricles depolarize
  • T wave: ventricles repolarize
47
Q

What are the 4 phases of the cardiac cycle?

A
  1. atrial systole (contraction)
  2. atrial diastole (relaxation)
  3. ventricular systole
  4. ventricular diastole
48
Q

What are the 6 steps in the cardiac cycle?

A
  1. atrial systole
    - atrial contraction begins
    - right and left AV valves are open
    - atria eject blood into ventricles: filling ventricles
  2. atrial systole ends:
    - ventricles contain maximum volume
    - atrial diastole begins
  3. ventricular systole:
    - pressure in ventricles rises
    - AV valves shut
    - isovolumetric ventricular contraction
  4. ventricular ejection:
    - semilunar valves open
    - blood flows into pulmonary and aortic trunks
  5. ventricular diastole
    - ventricular pressure falls
    - semilunar valves close
    - ventricular pressure is higher than atrial pressure
    - all heart valves are closed
    - ventricles relax (isovolumetric relaxation)
  6. atrial pressure is higher than ventricular pressure:
    - AV valves open
    - passive atrial filling
    - passive ventricular filling
    - cardiac cycle ends
49
Q

What is the effect of having a valvular insufficiency for the right AV valve?

A
  • AKA tricuspid regurgitation
  • fatigue
  • irregular heart rhythms (arrhythmias)
  • pulsing in the neck (jugular groove)
  • shortness of breath with activity
  • swelling in the belly area (abdomen), legs or neck veins
50
Q

What is the effect of having a valvular insufficiency for the left AV valve?

A
  • AKA mitral regurgitation
  • irregular heart rhythms (arrhythmias)
  • shortness of breath especially when in decubit (dorsal, laterla, or sternal)
  • swollen manus or pes
51
Q

What is end-diastolic volume (EDV)?

A

the amount of blood in each ventricle at the end of ventricular diastole

52
Q

What is end-systolic volume (ESV)?

A

the amount of blood remaining in each ventricle at the end of ventricle systole

53
Q

What is stroke volume (SV)?

A

the amount of blood pumped out of each ventricle during a single beat, SV = EDV - ESV

54
Q

What is ejection fraction?

A

the percentage of the EDV represented by the SV: (SV/EDV) X 100 (60% in rest)

55
Q

What is cardiac output (CO)?

A

the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in 1 minute

56
Q

What is the equation for cardiac output?

A

CO (ml/min) = SV (ml/beat) X HR (beats/min)

57
Q

What is circulatory pressure?

A

the pressure difference between the base of the ascending aorta and the entrance to the right atrium

58
Q

What are the three components of circulatory pressure?

A
  1. blood pressure
    - refers to arterial pressure
    - in humans, 100 to ~35 mm Hg (the start of a capillary network(
  2. capillary hydrostatic pressure (CHP)
    - the pressure within capillary beds, 35 to 18 mmHg
  3. venous pressure
    - the pressure within the venous system, ~ 18 mm Hg
59
Q

What is millimeters of mercury (mm Hg)?

A

normal atmospheric pressure is approximately 760 mm Hg

60
Q

What is systolic pressure?

A

the peak blood pressure during ventricular systole

61
Q

What is diastolic pressure?

A

the minimum blood pressure during ventricular diastole

62
Q

What is pulse pressure?

A
  • the difference between these two blood pressures (systolic and diastolic pressure)
  • become smaller as the distance from the heart increases; not exist in capillaries
63
Q

What is mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

A

MAP = diastolic pressure + (pulse pressure/3)

64
Q

What is autoregulation?

A

When local factors change the pattern of blood flow within capillary beds in response to chemical changes in interstitial fluids

65
Q

What do central neural mechanisms do?

A

they respond to changes in arterial pressure or blood gas levels

66
Q

What do hormones do?

A
  • short-term adjustments: changes in cardiac output and peripheral resistance
  • long-term adjustments: changes in blood volume that affect cardiac output and pas transport
67
Q

What are the three cardiovascular centers of medulla oblongata and what do they do?

A
  1. cardioacceleratory center
    - controls sympathetic neurons
    - increase heart rate
    - produces more power contractions (reduces the ESV)
  2. cardioinhibitory center
    - controls parasympathetic neurons
    - slow heart rate
    - reduces the contractile strength (increases the ESV)
  3. vasomotor centers
    - control the activity of sympathetic motor neurons
    - control vasoconstriction of peripheral vessels in most tissues and vasodilation in skeletal muscles and brain
68
Q

What are the 3 shunts of fetal circulation?

A

ductus venosus
ductus arteriosus
foramen ovale

69
Q

What are the additional parts of fetal circulation?

A

umbilical vein
umbilical artery

70
Q

Where can you take an animal’s pulse?

A

dog or cat - femoral artery
horse - digital or mandible artery

71
Q

What are the best sites for venipuncture?

A

dog or cat - external jugular, cephalic vein, lateral saphenous vein

large animals - external jugular

cattle - tail vein = medial caudal vein

pig - jugular or ear vein

birds - jugular vein

ASCI2120 Exam 3 (4 decks)

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