Cardiovascular System Flashcards
Baroreceptor reflex:
- A short-term response to maintain blood pressure.
- Activated when blood pressure goes up (hypertension).
- Activated when blood pressure goes down (hypotension).
- 1, 2
- 1, 2, 3
1, 2, 3
The baroreceptor reflex:
- Operates through a negative feedback.
- Has stretch receptors as detectors of changes in blood pressure.
- Has the carotid sinus and aortic sinus as the baroreceptors.
- 1, 2
- 1, 2, 3
1, 2, 3
When blood pressure increases:
- The walls of the carotid artery and the aorta are stretched.
- The increase in pressure causes the baroreceptors to fire and send more signals.
- Action potentials from the baroreceptors are transmitted through CN IX and X to the pons.
- 1, 2
- 1, 2, 3
1, 2
A decrease in blood pressure results to:
- Increase in heart rate.
- Vasoconstriction
- Sympathetic discharge
- 1, 2
- 1, 2, 3
1, 2, 3
In response to increased baroreceptor activity:
- The parasympathetic nervous system is stimulated.
- The sympathetic nervous system stimulated.
The parasympathetic nervous system is stimulated.
Increased parasympathetic stimulation:
- Results to a decrease in heart rate.
- Vasodilation
- Both
- Neither
Both
Baroreceptors are in the form of:
- Carotid and aortic sinus
- Carotid and aortic bodies
- Both
- Neither
Carotid and aortic sinus
Action potentials from the aortic arch baroreceptors are relayed to the medulla through the:
- Glossopharyngeal nerve
- Vagus nerve
Vagus nerve
Action potentials from the carotid sinus baroreceptors are relayed to the medulla through the:
- Glossopharyngeal nerve
- Vagus nerve
Glossopharyngeal nerve
Blood pressure:
- Must be maintained to achieve homeostasis.
- Necessary to ensure sufficient blood reaches the organ systems in the body.
- Both
- Neither
Both
Factors that affect blood pressure include:
- Cardiac output
- Resistance
- Blood viscosity
- Blood volume
- All of the above
All of the above
As cardiac output increases, blood pressure:
- Increases
- Decreases
Increases
The amount of blood ventricles coming out of the ventricles in one minute is:
- Blood pressure
- Cardiac output
- Heart rate
- Stroke volume
- None of the choices
Cardiac output
Blood viscosity refers to the:
- Blood volume
- Thickness of blood
- Heart rate
- None of the choices
Thickness of blood
The cardiac cycle has two major phases:
- Systole
- Diastole
- Both
Both
Systole (ventricular) refers to:
- Ventricular contraction
- Ventricular relaxation
Ventricular contraction
TRUE of the events in the cardiac cycle:
- Blood flows from higher to lower pressure.
- Contraction of the chamber increases pressure.
- The opening and closure of valves is due to differences in pressure.
- All statements are true.
All statements are true.
The p wave:
- Represents SA node firing.
- Followed by atrial contraction.
- Represents atrial depolarization.
- 1, 2
- 1, 2, 3
1, 2, 3
The QRS complex:
- Represents ventricular depolarization.
- Followed by ventricular systole.
- Both
- Neither
Both
The t wave represents:
- Ventricular diastole
- Ventricular systole
- Atrial diastole
- Atrial systole
Ventricular diastole
The first heart sound:
- Called the S1.
- Due to closure of the atrioventricular valves (AV valves).
- Due to closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves.
- 1, 2
- 1, 2, 3
1, 2, 3
The first heart sound:
- Heard as “lubb”.
- Heard as “dubb”.
- Due to opening of AV valves.
Heard as “lubb”.
The first heart sound:
- Heard at the start of ventricular systole.
- Heard at the end of ventricular systole.
Heard at the start of ventricular systole.
The second heart sound:
- Called the S2.
- Due to closure of the semilunar valves.
- Due to closure of the aortic and mitral valves.
- 1, 2
- 1, 2, 3
1, 2
The second heart sound:
- Heard at the start of ventricular systole.
- Heard at the end of ventricular systole.
Heard at the end of ventricular systole.
In one cardiac cycle:
- There is one systole, and one diastole.
- The systolic phase is longer than the diastolic phase.
There is one systole, and one diastole.
If the patient has a heart rate of 82 beats/minute, this means that:
- The patient has 82 cardiac cycles/minute.
- There are 82 alternating systolic and diastolic phases.
- Both
- Neither
Both
When does the aortic valve open? During:
- Ventricular systole
- Atrial systole
- Ventricular diastole
- Atrial diastole
Ventricular systole
Coronary blood flow occurs mostly during:
- Diastole
- Systole
Diastole
Stroke volume:
- The volume of blood ejected by the left ventricle to the aorta.
- Around 70 ML.
- Oxygenated blood
- 1, 2
- 1, 2, 3
1, 2, 3
Cardiac output:
- Averages 5 liters/minute.
- Calculated by stroke volume x heart rate in one minute.
- Increased in parasympathetic stimulation.
- 1, 2
- 1, 2, 3
1, 2
True of orthostatic hypotension:
- Defined as a decrease in systolic blood pressure of 20 mm Hg or a
decrease in diastolic blood pressure of 10 mm Hg within three minutes of
standing from sitting or supine. - Results from an inadequate physiologic response to postural changes in
blood pressure. - Associated with blood pooling down inside veins of the legs due to gravity
as we stand up. - 1, 2
- 1, 2, 3
1, 2, 3
The amount of blood coming out of the left ventricle per systolic contraction is the:
- Blood pressure
- Cardiac output
- Heart rate
- Stroke volume
- None of the choices
Stroke volume
The action of the papillary muscles and
chordae tendineae:
- Keeps the AV valve closed.
- Prevents blood from regurgitating back to the atria.
- Associated with the first heart sound, S1.
- 1, 2
- 1, 2, 3
1, 2, 3
What is the correct order in the sequence of conduction in the heart?
- SA node > AV node > AV Bundle of His > Purkinje fibers
- SA node > Bundle of His > AV node > Purkinje fibers
- SA node > AV node > Purkinje fibers > AV Bundle of His
- None of the choices
SA node > AV node > AV Bundle of His > Purkinje fibers
Factors expected to increase blood
pressure EXCEPT:
- Decreased vessel diameter as in vasoconstriction.
- Increased blood volume
- Increased heart rate
- Decreased blood viscosity
- 3, 4
Decreased blood viscosity
The “plateau” phase in a cardiac action
potential is due to:
- Sodium entry through voltage-gated sodium channels.
- Calcium entry through voltage-gated calcium channels.
Calcium entry through voltage-gated calcium channels.
What happens when the mitral valve opens?
- The second heart sound is heard.
- The first heart sound is heard.
- Blood flows from the right atrium to the right ventricle.
- Blood flows from the left atrium to the left ventricle.
Blood flows from the left atrium to the left ventricle.
Hypertension is:
- Blood pressure greater or equal to 140/90.
- Blood pressure is less than 140/90.
- Blood pressure is less than or equal to 120/80.
- Blood pressure is less than or equal to 90/60.
Blood pressure greater or equal to 140/90.
Which of the following is NOT a blood vessel that directly supplies the heart?
- Aorta
- Right coronary artery
- Left coronary artery
- None of the above
Aorta
Which of the following valves closes on ventricular systole?
- Aortic valve
- Tricuspid valve
- Pulmonary valve
- All of these
Tricuspid valve
Which of the following valves closes on ventricular diastole?
- Aortic valve
- Pulmonary valve
- Both
- Neither
Both
The only vein that carries oxygenated blood:
- Vena cava
- Vasa recta
- Pulmonary artery
- Pulmonary vein
Pulmonary vein
The only artery that carries deoxygenated blood:
- Aorta
- Vasa vasorum
- Pulmonary artery
- Pulmonary vein
Pulmonary artery
