cardiovascular system 1 - assessment part of PT2 Flashcards
the heart has 5 chambered
true or false?
false, 4
what kind of muscle is the myocardium?
straited muscle
The cavities forming the
right side of the heart
have two important
functions
what are they?
- It collects blood from the
body. - Ventilate the blood with
the pulmonary circulation
and send it to the lungs
to clean it.
how the heart is separated into the right and left parts ?
by septum
located outside the
heart. It prevents the return of blood to the
heart during regeneration (regurgitation)
what is it?
Semilunar caps
what are the atrioventricular caps?
tricuspid between the right atrium and the right ventricular
mitral or bicuspid between left atrium and left ventricular
Right after atrial contraction, the ventricles contract
true or false?
true
how much the heart caps remain closed?
0.02-0.06 seconds
what is the isometric phase?
ventricular pressure increases and
exceeds arterial pressure, blood is
removed from the heart
the heart volume and fiber length are increased during isometric phase
true or false?
false, not changed
The blood pumped from the left
ventricle to the muscular aorta is
distributed to the body with small
arteries called?
arterioles
how the walls of the smooth muscles in the arterioles are placed?
as a circular layers
Arterioles regulate peripheral blood flow through?
contraction and relaxation
A blood flow enters the aorta with every contraction
of the?
left ventricle
Some of the blood pumped from the heart is stored
in?
aorta
what causes a pressure wave to reach distant branches of the arterial down from the aorta?
stored blood in the aorta
Heart pulsation and heart rate are the same.
true or false?
true
120 mmHg at rest is related to which measurement?
The maximum pressure on the heart during each systole or contraction of the left ventricle
what is the reference point used to determine the maximum pressure of contraction of left ventricle?
brachial artery at the level of the right atrium
blood pressure is decreased, and heart is filled with blood and the heart is relaxed in?
diastolic pressure
contraction of heart, blood pressure rises, and blood moves along vessels in?
systolic pressure
which pressure gives an idea
about the load of the heart and its
tension against the arterial wall
during ventricular contraction?
sytocilic
When the heart relaxes, the aortic
vessels?
close
the arterial blood pressure
drops to 70-80 mmHg in?
diastolic pressure
what is The mean systolic and diastolic pressure for young adults?
120-80 mmhg
what shows the
average force applied to
the arterial wall of the
blood throughout the entire
cardiac cycle?
Mean arterial pressure
what is precapillary
sphincter?
diameter of the capillary
opening is controlled by a smooth
muscle ring
Blood from the upper and lower half of the
body is pumped into the lungs through the ?
pulmonary artery
state when the blood pressure reaches the average and when it reaches zero?
reaches the average at the end of the arterioles of the capillaries= 30 mmhg
blood reaches dropped down to zero at the right atrium.
why The walls of the veins may be
less enlarged?
Because the venous system works with low pressure
how much, the venous system contains of the total blood volume at rest?
65%
inability of the blood flow to
resist gravity especially in the vertical veins of the lower extremities is?
varicose vein
The amount of blood
pumped from the left ventricle in 1
min is?
cardiac output
what is the resting heart rate?
5 L / min
Cardiac output= Heart Rate x Stroke
Volume
true or false?
true
how much stroke volume is less in women than men?
25%
Maximum stroke volume is achieved in 40-50% of VO2max
true or false?
true
increase Diastolic filling
& Sistolic ejaculation are related to?
stroke volume
what is the Starling’s law?
Ability to adapt heart to different
blood quantities
and, Relationship between contraction force & resting length
of muscle fibers
what is the cardiac output to the muscles during rest and exercise at rest?
at rest= 1000 ml
at exercise= 21000 ml
there is greater resistance to blood
flow in upper extremities than in the lower extremities
true or false?
true
more dystolic
pressure is required for blood flow to the arms during exercise
true or false?
false, sytosolic
more dystolic
pressure is required for blood flow to the arms during exercise
true or false?
false, systolic
The largest volumes of blood flow in
the left coronary artery feed a small
portion of the
left atrium and ventricle
and right ventricle.
The right coronary artery mostly feeds the?
right atrium and the ventricle
At rest, normal blood flow in the
myocardium is ?
200-250 mL per
minute
coronary blood
flow is approximately 2.5 times higher than in diastole during systole true or false?
true
heart is aerobically limited in
energy generation
true or false?
false, anaerobically
The heart provides almost all of
its energy from aerobic reactions
true or false?
true
what is the primary
source of ATP resorption in the heart?
lipid catabolism
what is the double product for Determination of Myocardial job?
⚫ The development of tension of
myocardium and contractility
⚫ heart rate
Double product= Systolic blood
pressure x heart rate
true or false?
true
A higher double product is obtained in lower extremity exercises than in
resistance training and arm exercises
true or ffalse?
false, the opposite
Observation
History
Main complaints
are objective assessments
true or false?
false, subjective
what are the objective assessments?
Inspection, palpation: Skin, inflammation
Structure and function/Neurological disturbances
Activity evaluation
Participation evaluation
Endurance/cardiopulmonary state assessment
Special tests (STREAM: the stroke rehabilitation assessment of movement scale)
Bed mobility
Transfers
Mobility with wheelchair
Ambulation
are related to?
Assessment of disability
what are Acute Term Precautions?
Positioning
Edema control
Family education
Orthosis
Prevention of hemiplegic side neglect
Chest PTR
If the patient is stable, exercises start within ?
first 48 hrs
In hemorrhages, resorbtion of the bleeding is waited!
(approximately 3-10 days)
true or false?
false, 7-10 days
in positioning for hemiplegic patient the Affected shoulder should be at the midline for flexion and abduction
true or false?
true
Affected elbow, wrist and fingers should be positioned in hemiplegic patient in?
extension
which one is incorrect for positioning?
- forearm in neutral +supination
- hip and knees in neutral+ slight flexion
- hip position for rotation in neutral +slight adduction
- ankle is positioned in neutral via orthosis to prevent DF
hip position for rotation in neutral + slight ADDuction
it should be slight ABDuction
what are the exercises done for acute term?
PROM, slight stretching
Bed mobility and sitting tasks can start.
Ambulation if the patient’s hemodynamic state is proper.
what are the indications of shoulder subluxation in acute term?
A gap between the affected side humerus and acromion is palpated.
Glenohumeral joint instability
Pain
how can we treat shoulder subluxation?
positioning
support
bandaging
ES, like FES for supraspinatus and posterior deltoid
atypical improvement in the upper extremity recovery!
Increased tone in the distal extremities,
Decreased tone in proximal extremities
Atrophy
are indications of what?
brachial plexus injuries
how can we treat brachial plexus?
AROM and PROM
Positioning (via pillow):
Shoulders 45 degree externally rotated
90 degree elbow flexion
Forearm neutral position
what are the indications for SHS?
Pain
Stiffness
Hyperesthesia
Vasomotor signs
Sudomotor dysfunction
Touch, motion, emotional stress, pain (+)
Edema on top of hand (+)
MCP joint sensitivity (+)
Redness, heat and dry hand at the beginning, progress to cold, wet and pale hand. (+)
Pain with the passive movement! (+)
are related to?
the first phase of SHS
what are the 2nd phase of SHS?
Atrophy starts
Contracture develops
Stiffness and edema
Cold skin
Dystrophic naik changes
when it is the irreversible phase of SHS?
it is the 3rd phase
Irreversible phase
Increase in atrophy
Increase in contracture (ankylosis)
Pain might pass
No function in extremity
are the clinical changes of the third phase of SHS
true or false?
true
in SHS there is sympathetic hyposensitivity and dystrophic changes
true or false?
false, hypersensitivity
Localized swelling
Limitation (extension contracture)
are related to ?
HO
A rare complication of the upper extremity.
Can develop after clot at the superficial veins or irritation of the medication injections
is?
THROMBOFLEBIT
Intravenous applications and blood pressure control should be applied to healthy arm.
to prevent?
THROMBOFLEBIT
Lower extremities should be evaluated to test the edema, heat and color changes, diameter differences, sensitivity and pain with movement for early diagnosis of?
DVT
how can we prevent DVT?
Proper anti-embolic socks
Early ambulation
Straight position
how can we treat DVT?
Bed rest (all treatments are interrupted for a week period). Only medical intervention.
Leg elevation
Continuation of the ADL
the severity of depression related to the distance of brain lesion to the ?
frontal region
what are other complications of hemiplegic patients?
depression
communication problems
cognitive problems
neglect
Apraxia
Left parietal stroke: ‘’dressing apraxia’’
Right parietal stroke: ‘’constructional apraxia’’, visuo-spatial deficit, duplicating deficit
true or false?
true
apraxia common in wide right hemisphere lesions
however, neglect syndrome is common in left hemisphere lesions
true or false?
false, the opposite
Spatial and visual attention disorder are ?
neglect syndrome
Insufficient hip flexion
Insufficient knee flexion
Insufficient ankle dorsiflexion
are seen in which phase for ambulation disturbance?
swing phase
in stance phase for disturbed ambulation we see?
Insufficient lateral flexion of the trunk
Defect in pelvic rotation +
Fall on the healthy side pelvis +
Knee instability and retraction +
Equine or varus in foot +
