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A&P 2 > Cardiovascular System 1 - Mod. 1 > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System 1 - Mod. 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the cardiovascular system consist of?

A

The heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries), and the blood that flows through them.

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2
Q

What are the functions of the heart?

A

Acts as a pump to circulate blood through every blood vessel in the body.
Supply cells with oxygen and nutrients needed to survive.
Remove waste products

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3
Q

What does the heart do with blood? (oxygenated and deoxygenated)

A

The heart collects deoxygenated blood from the body, and carries it to the lungs to get oxygenated and release carbon dioxide.
Then, the oxygenated blood is transported from the lungs and distributed throughout the body.

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4
Q

Where is the heart located in the body?

A

above and upon the superior surface of the respiratory diaphragm, posterior to the sternum.

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5
Q

What is the middle mediastinum?

A

A space covered with connective tissue behind the sternal body, where the heart lies, dividing the thoracic cavity into two pleural cavities.

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6
Q

What are the functions of the pericardium?

A

Keeps the heart in place, limits its motion, and prevents it from over expanding.

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7
Q

What is the function of pericardial fluid?

A

It reduces the friction between the heart and its surrounding structures.

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8
Q

What are the two membrane layers of the pericardium?

A

The serosal pericardium and the fibrous pericardium.

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9
Q

What is the serosal pericardium?

A

A closed sac composed of two thin membranous layers.

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10
Q

What are the two layers of the serosal pericardium? And where do the layers lie?

A

Visceral layer - lies directly on the outer surface of the heart wall
Parietal layer - lies directly on the deep surface of the fibrous pericardium.

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11
Q

What is the pericardial cavity?

A

A narrow cavity between the visceral and parietal layers of the serous pericardium, filled with pericardial fluid.

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12
Q

What is the fibrous pericardium?

A

The superficial layer of the pericardium that attaches to the parietal layer of the serous pericardium and encloses the heart.

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13
Q

How many layers does the heart wall consist of? And what are those layers?

A

Consists of 3 layers: the endocardium, myocardium, and epicardium.

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14
Q

What is the endocardium?

A

A smooth, thin membrane that lines the inner surface of the heart chambers and covers the heart valves, helping to prevent resistance as blood flows through the hearts vessels and chambers.

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15
Q

What is the myocardium?

A

The heart muscle itself, varying in thickness depending on location, it is thin in the atria and thick in the ventricles.

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16
Q

What is the epicardium?

A

The thin, outer serous membrane of the heart wall.
Also known as the visceral pericardium.

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17
Q

How many chambers does the heart have?

A

Four chambers: two atria and two ventricles.

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18
Q

What are the atria?

A

The two upper chambers of the heart and are positioned near its base.

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19
Q

Why are the walls of the atria thin?

A

They only need to push blood past the atrioventricular valves into the ventricles.

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20
Q

What are the ventricles?

A

The two lower chambers of the heart positioned near its apex.

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21
Q

Why is the left ventricle wall thicker than the right ventricle wall?

A

It pumps blood at a higher pressure into the systematic circulation through the aorta.

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22
Q

What is the function of the right atrium?

A

It receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle.

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23
Q

What is the function of the left atrium?

A

It receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it through the bicuspid valve into the left ventricle.

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24
Q

What is the function of the right ventricle?

A

It receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium through the tricuspid valve and pumps it into the lungs through the pulmonary valve and trunk.

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25
Q

What is the function of the left ventricle?

A

It receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium through the bicuspid valve and pumps to the entire body through the aortic valve and aorta.

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26
Q

What are the two areas of the muscular septum of the heart?

A

The interatrial septum and the interventricular septum.

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27
Q

What does the interatrial septum do?

A

Separates the left and the right artia

28
Q

What does the interventricular septum do?

A

Separates the left and right ventricles.

29
Q

What is the fossa ovalis?

A

A small depression on the interatrial septum, which is a remnant of the foramen ovale from the fetal heart.

30
Q

What is the foramen ovale?

A

An opening in the fetal heart which closes shortly after birth, forming the fossa ovalis.

31
Q

How many valves are in the heart?

A

Four valves: the pulmonary valve, aortic valve, right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid valve), and left atrioventricular valve (mitral/bicuspid valve).

32
Q

What is the function of the heart valves?

A

Prevent blood from flowing back into the chambers and ensures that the direction of blood flow in and out of the heart remains constant.

33
Q

What are the atrioventricular (AV) valves?

A

The tricuspid and mitral valves, located between the atria and the ventricles and prevent blood in the ventricles from flowing back into the atria.

34
Q

What sound do the atrioventricular valves create when they close?

A

They create the first heart sound: lub.

35
Q

What are the semilunar valves?

A

The aortic and pulmonary valves that prevent blood from flowing back into the right and left ventricles from the pulmonary trunk and aorta.

36
Q

What sound do the semilunar valves create when they close?

A

They create the second heart sound: dup.

37
Q

What triggers the opening and closing of the heart valves?

A

They open and close in response to pressure created by the volume of blood being pumped into each chamber as the heart contracts.

38
Q

What is the function and location of the tricuspid valve?

A

Function: It prevents blood from moving from the right ventricle back into the right atrium during ventricular contraction.
Location: Between the right atrium and the right ventricle.

39
Q

What is the function and location of the pulmonary valve?

A

Function: It prevents blood from moving from the pulmonary trunk back into the right ventricle during ventricular relaxation.
Location: At the entrance to the pulmonary trunk.

40
Q

What is the function and location of the mitral (bicuspid) valve?

A

Function: It prevents blood from moving from the left ventricle back into the left atrium during ventricular contraction.
Location: Between the left atrium and left ventricle.

41
Q

What is the function and location of the aortic valve?

A

Function: It prevents blood from moving from the aorta back into the left ventricle during ventricular relaxation.
Location: At the entrance to the aorta.

42
Q

What are the muscular walls of the heart called?

A

Cardiac muscle or myocardium.

43
Q

What is the function of cardiac muscle?

A

It is responsible for continually contracting and relaxing the heart, the pumping action.

44
Q

What are the cells of cardiac muscle called?

A

Cardiomyocytes, cardiac myocytes, or cardiac muscle fibers.

45
Q

What is unique about cardiomyocytes?

A

They are adapted to never tire and to contract without any stimulation.

46
Q

How is cardiac muscle similar to skeletal muscle?

A

Both are made up of sarcomeres that allow for contractility.

47
Q

How is cardiac muscle different from skeletal muscle?

A

Unlike skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle is under involuntary control.

48
Q

What is the functional unit of contraction in the cardiac muscle?

A

The sarcomere.

49
Q

What is the function of the hearts conduction system?

A

Regulates the rate and strength of heart contractions and provides an automatic rythmic beat, ensuring the cardiac cycle is coordinated.

50
Q

What is the sequence of electrical events that occue during one full contraction of the heart muscle?

A
  1. Excitation signal (action potential) is created by SA node.
  2. Signal spreads across the atria, causing contraction.
  3. Signal reaches the AV node, where it is delayed.
  4. Signal is conducted into the bundle of His, down the interventricular septum.
  5. Signal is spread through perkinje fibers, causing contraction.
51
Q

What is the sinoatrial (SA) node, and where is it located?

A

A collection of specialized cells (pacemaker cells) that spontaneously generate electrical impules, located in the upper wall of the right atrium.

52
Q

How does the autonomic nervous system influence the SA node?

A

Sympathetic nervous system - increases firing rate of the SA node, increasing the heart rate.
Parasympathetic nervous system - decreases firing rate of the SA node, decreasing the heart rate.

53
Q

What is the atrioventricular (AV) node, and where is it located?

A

It delays electerical impulses to allow the artia to fully eject blood into the ventricles before ventricular systole.
It is located within the atrioventricular septum.

54
Q

What is the atrioventricular bundle (bundle of his), where is it located?

A

A group of specialized autoryhthmic cells that receive action potentials from the AV node and propagates them to both right and left bundle branches.
It is located in the interventricular septum.

55
Q

What are purkinje fibers, and where are they located?

A

They are a network of specialized cells that allow coordinated ventricular contraction (ventricular systole) and blood is moved from the right and left ventricles to the pulmonary artery and aorta respectively.
They run from the apex of the heart upwards through the ventricular myocardium.

56
Q

What is the sequence of action potential conduction in the heart?

A

SA node –> AV node –> Bundle of his –> Purkinje fibers.

57
Q

What is the cardiac cycle?

A

The sequence of events that make up a heartbeat, during which the heart fills with blood and then ejects it.

58
Q

What happens during the cardiac cycle?

A

Deoxygenated blood enters the right side of the heart and is pumped to the lungs to be oxygenated.
Oxygenated blood then returns to the left side of the heart and is pumped to the entire body.

59
Q

What are the two main phases of the cardiac cycle?

A

Diastole - relaxation phase where the heart fills with blood.
Systole - contraction phase where the heart pumps blood out.

60
Q

What happens during atrial contraction in the cardiac cycle?

A

The atria contract simultaneously, forcing blood through the atrioventricular valves (mitral and tricuspid valves) into the ventricles.

61
Q

What happens during ventricular contraction in the cardiac cycle?

A

The ventricles contract simultaneously, forcing blood through the semilunar valves into the aorta and pulmonary artery.

62
Q

How does heart rate affect cardiac output?

A

When heart rate increases, cardiac output increases and when heart rate decreases, cardiac output decreases.

63
Q

Which part of the nervous system controls heart rate?

A

The autonomic nervous system.

64
Q

How does the sympathetic nervous system affect heart rate?

A

Releases the hormone catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) to accelerate the heart rate.

65
Q

How does the parasympathetic nervous system affect heart rate?

A

Releases the hormone acetylcholine to slow the heart rate.

A&P 2 (4 decks)

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