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A&P 2 > Blood Vessels - Mod. 1 > Flashcards

Blood Vessels - Mod. 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of blood vessels?

A

Arteries, capillaries, and veins.

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2
Q

What are the three layers of tissue in a blood vessel?

A

From the outside in they are the tunica externa, tunica media, and tunica intima.

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3
Q

What is the tunica externa?

A

The outer layer of a blood vessel that contains tiny nerves, lymphatics, and capillaries that supply the vessel wall.

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4
Q

What is the tunica media?

A

The middle, muscular layer of a blood vessel, made up of smooth muscle cells and elastic fibers.

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5
Q

What is the tunica intima?

A

The innermost layer of a blood vessel, forming the perimeter of the lumen with an epithelial lining.

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6
Q

What are arterioles and venules?

A

Arterioles: small branches of arteries that carry blood away from the heart.
Venules: small branches that collect blood from organs and unite to form veins.

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7
Q

What are capillaries, and what is their function?

A

Thin walled vessels that connect arterioles and venules, allowing the exchange of nutrients and wastes between the blood and body tissues.

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8
Q

What is the main difference between arteries and veins?

A

Arteries carry blood away from the heart and have thick muscular walls.
Veins carry blood towards the heart, have thinner walls and valves to keep blood flowing.

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9
Q

What are the two main blood vessel circuits in the body?

A

The pulmonary circuit and the systemic circuit.

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10
Q

What is the pulmonary circuit?

A

It carries blood from the heart to the lungs and back.

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11
Q

What is blood flow and how is it measured?

A

The volume of blood flowing through the vessels of the body in a given period of time, measured in ml/minute.

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12
Q

What is blood hydrostatic pressure (BP)?

A

The pressure exerted by blood on vessel walls, generated by the pumping action of the heart during ventricular contraction.

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13
Q

What factors affect blood pressure?

A

Cardiac output, blood volume, and vascular resistance.

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14
Q

Where is blood pressure highest, and during which phase of the cardiac cycle?

A

In the aorta during ventricular contraction/systole, reaching about 120 mmHg.

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15
Q

Where is blood pressure lowest, and during which phase of the cardiac cycle?

A

During ventricular relaxation/diastole, dropping to about 80 mmHg.

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16
Q

How does arterial blood pressure change with distance from the heart?

A

It decreases with distance from the heart.

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17
Q

What happens to blood pressure as blood returns to the right ventricle?

A

Blood pressure continues to decrease until it reaches 0 mmHg in the right ventricle.

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18
Q

What are the three main regions of the trunk?

A

The thorax, abdomen, and pelvis.

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19
Q

What is the source of all systemic arteries in the trunk?

A

The aorta.

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20
Q

What are the major arteries of the trunk?

A

Thoracic aorta
Celiac trunk
Superior mesenteric artery
Inferior mesenteric artery
Common iliac arteries (including internal and external iliac arteries as terminal branches).

21
Q

What is the largest artery in the body?

A

The aorta

22
Q

Where does the aorta arise, and where does it descend?

A

It rises from the left ventricle of the heart, arches backward over the heart, and descends through the thorax and abdomen.

23
Q

What are the four sections of the aorta?

A

Ascending aorta
Aortic arch
Thoracic/descending aorta
Abdominal aorta

24
Q

How does the aorta terminate?

A

By bifurcating into the left and right common iliac arteries.

25
Q

What is the function of the superior vena cava?

A

Carries blood from the top half of the body into the right atrium of the heart.

26
Q

How is the superior vena cava formed?

A

By the unification of the left and right brachiocephalic veins.

27
Q

What is unique about the superior vena cava compared to most veins?

A

It does not have any valves, which is important clinically for determining pressure in the right atrium.

28
Q

What is the function of the inferior vena cava?

A

Carries blood from the lower half of the body into the right atrium.

29
Q

Where does the abdominal aorta originate?

A

It is a continuation of the thoracic aorta.

30
Q

How long is the abdominal aorta?

A

Approximately 13 cm long.

31
Q

How does the abdominal aorta terminate?

A

By bifurcating into the right and left common iliac arteries.

32
Q

What are the branches of the abdominal aorta in descending order?

A

Inferior phrenic arteries
Celiac artery (celiac trunk)
Superior mesenteric artery (SMA)
Middle suprarenal arteries
Renal arteries
Gonadal arteries
Inferior mesenteric artery (IMA)
Median sacral artery
Lumbar arteries

33
Q

What do the inferior phrenic arteries supply?

A

The diaphragm

34
Q

What does the celiac artery (celiac trunk) supply?

A

The liver, stomach, abdominal esophagus, spleen, superior duodenum, and superior pancreas.

35
Q

What does the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) supply?

A

The small intestines and proximal middle colon.

36
Q

What do the middle suprarenal arteries supply?

A

The adrenal glands.

37
Q

What do the renal arteries supply

A

The kidneys.

38
Q

What are the gonadal arteries called in males and females?

A

Males - Testicular artery.
Females - Ovarian artery.

39
Q

What does the inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) supply?

A

The distal transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum.

40
Q

What does the median sacral supply?

A

The coccyx, lumbar vertebrae, and sacrum.

41
Q

What do the lumbar arteries supply?

A

The abdominal wall and spinal cord.

42
Q

Where is the inferior vena cava (IVC) formed?

A

At the level of L4 by the unification of the common iliac veins.

43
Q

Where do the arteries of the pelvis originate?

A

They stem from the common iliac arteries.

44
Q

How is the common iliac artery formed?

A

It is formed by the bifurcation of the abdominal aorta at the level of L4.

45
Q

What two arteries does the common iliac artery split into?

A

The right common iliac artery and the left common iliac artery.

46
Q

What does the common iliac arteries and its branches supply?

A

The pelvis, gluteal region, and lower limbs.

47
Q

What is the function of the internal iliac artery (IIA, or hypogastric artery)?

A

It supplies blood to the pelvis, pelvic organs, reproductive organs, and the medial part of the thigh.

48
Q

What is the function of the external iliac artery?

A

It is the largest branch of the common iliac artery and supplies blood to the lower extremities, including the legs and feet.

A&P 2 (4 decks)

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