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ESA 2: Cardiovascular > Cardiovascular: Session 6 > Flashcards

Cardiovascular: Session 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What does an ECG do?

A

Records changes on extracellular surface of cardiac myocytes during wave of depolarisation and repolaristion from the surface of the body using electrodes pasted on the skin

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2
Q

How does a repolarising wave moving directly away from the recording electrode present?

A

A large positive complex

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3
Q

Why does the sinoatrial node depolarisation not appear on the surface ECG?

A

There is a insufficient signal to register.

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4
Q

Where is the Electrical impulse held up?

A

AV node

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5
Q

Which part of the heart is last to be depolarised?

A

The base of the ventricles

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6
Q

The SA node controls the force of contraction and speed of contraction? True/False

A

False. The ANS is responsible for this. The SA node initiates electrical activity

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7
Q

Repolarisation of the ventricles happens in the same order. TRUE/FALSE

A

False. Repolarisation happens in the reverse order. the last part of the ventricle to depolarise is the first to repolarise.

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8
Q

What complex does depolarisation going directly away from the electrode present as?

A

Negative complex

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9
Q

What complex does repolarisation going directly away from the electrode present as?

A

Positive complex

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10
Q

Where is the SA node located?

A

SA node is in the top right hand corner of the Right atrium

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11
Q

Which wave is represented by Atrial Depolarisation?

A

P wave.

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12
Q

Why is the P wave upward?

A

It is going toward the recording electrode

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13
Q

What is the direction of Atrial Depolarisation?

A

Spreads along atrial muscle fibres of both left and right atria and internodal pathways. It spreads downwards to the left towards the AV node.

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14
Q

Why doesn’t the depolarisation spread from the atria to the ventricles directly?

A

There is a fibrous ring between atria and ventricles so no direct contact between atrial and ventricular myocytes.

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15
Q

How does depolarisation travel from the atrium to ventricles?

A

The bundle of His allows the depolarisation to travel.

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16
Q

What Produces the Q wave?

A

Left to right depolarisation in the interventirular septum. The depolarisation moves obliquely away resulting in the small negative complex.

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17
Q

What is the large upward deflection following the Q wave termed as?

A

The R wave

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18
Q

What is the R wave?

A

Depolarisation of apex and free ventricular wall.

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19
Q

Why is the R wave large and upward?

A
  • Large due to the large muscle mass leading to more electrical activity
  • Upward because depolarisation is moving directly towards the measuring electrode
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20
Q

What happened to the R wave if there is ventricular hypertrophy?

A

The R wave will become taller as a result.

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21
Q

What forms the S wave?

A

Depolarisation spreading to the base of the ventricles.

22
Q

Why is the S wave a small, downward deflection?

A
  • Downward as it moves away from the recording electrode

- Small because it is not moving directly away

23
Q

What produces the medium, upward T wave?

A

Ventricular repolarisation that begins on the epicardial surface and spread in the opposite direction to depolarisation. It is upwards because it is a wave of repolarisation moving away from electrode.

24
Q

The P wave is atrial contraction. True/False

25
Where are electrodes placed and how many? How many views of the heart do the electrodes give?
- 4 electrodes on the limbs - 6 electrodes on the chest - 12 views of the heart
26
What a views also known as?
Leads
27
Which leads would be best to detect muscle necrosis due to an inferior myocardial infarction?
Leads 2,3 and AVF
28
Which leads look at the left side of the heart?
Leads 1 and AVL
29
What do chest leads allow?
6 views of the heart in the horizontal plane
30
Which leads face the right ventricle and septum?
V1 and V2
31
Which leads face the apex and anterior wall of the ventricles?
V3 and V4
32
Which leads face the left ventricle?
V5 and V6
33
How many seconds are 15 large squares on an ECG?
3 seconds
34
How many seconds are 3 small squares on an ECG?
120ms
35
How many seconds are 300 large boxes?
60 seconds(1 minute)
36
If the R-R interval is 5 large boxes, what is the heart rate with a regular rhythm?
60 bpm(300/5)
37
How do you calculate the heart rate if the rhythm is irregular?
Count the amount of QRS complexes in 6 seconds (30 large boxes). Multiply this by 10.
38
Whats a normal range for PR interval?
0.12-0.20 seconds. 3-5 small boxes. Prolonged if more than 1 large box.
39
Whats a normal range for QRS interval?
Less than 3 small boxes. (0.12 seconds)
40
Whats a normal range for QT interval?
It varies with heart rate. Calculation to correct to heart rate.
41
What is sinus bradycardia?
Sinus rhythm with rate of less than 60 bpm.
42
What is sinus tachycardia?
Sinus rhythm with rate of more than 100 bpm.
43
Whats the upper limit of corrected QT interval for adult males and adult females?
- 0.45 secs (11-12 small boxes) | - 0.47 secs (11-12 small boxes)
44
Where do we measure QRS complex?
Start of the Q wave to the end of the S wave.
45
What is the relevance of the QRS complex?
Wider QRS complex are associated with ventricular depolarisations that are not initiated by the normal conductance mechanism.
46
Where do we measure the P-R interval?
Start of the P wave to the start of the Q
47
What is the relevance of the P-R interval?
Longer P-R intervals indicate slow conduction from the atria to the ventricle. (First degree heart block).
48
Where do we measure the S-T segment?
End of the S wave to start of the T wave
49
What can the S-T segment tell us?
The ST segment should be isoelectric. If it is depressed or raised, this indicates myocardial infarction or ischaemia.
50
Where do we measure the Q-T interval?
Stat of the Q wave to end of T wave.
51
What can the Q-T interval tell us?
Prolonged Q-T interval suggests prolonged repolarisation of the ventricles. This can lead to arrhythmia such as this that occur in long QT syndrome

ESA 2: Cardiovascular (11 decks)

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