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ESA 2: Cardiovascular > Cardiovascular: Session 6 > Flashcards

Cardiovascular: Session 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What does an ECG do?

A

Records changes on extracellular surface of cardiac myocytes during wave of depolarisation and repolaristion from the surface of the body using electrodes pasted on the skin

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2
Q

How does a repolarising wave moving directly away from the recording electrode present?

A

A large positive complex

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3
Q

Why does the sinoatrial node depolarisation not appear on the surface ECG?

A

There is a insufficient signal to register.

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4
Q

Where is the Electrical impulse held up?

A

AV node

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5
Q

Which part of the heart is last to be depolarised?

A

The base of the ventricles

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6
Q

The SA node controls the force of contraction and speed of contraction? True/False

A

False. The ANS is responsible for this. The SA node initiates electrical activity

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7
Q

Repolarisation of the ventricles happens in the same order. TRUE/FALSE

A

False. Repolarisation happens in the reverse order. the last part of the ventricle to depolarise is the first to repolarise.

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8
Q

What complex does depolarisation going directly away from the electrode present as?

A

Negative complex

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9
Q

What complex does repolarisation going directly away from the electrode present as?

A

Positive complex

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10
Q

Where is the SA node located?

A

SA node is in the top right hand corner of the Right atrium

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11
Q

Which wave is represented by Atrial Depolarisation?

A

P wave.

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12
Q

Why is the P wave upward?

A

It is going toward the recording electrode

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13
Q

What is the direction of Atrial Depolarisation?

A

Spreads along atrial muscle fibres of both left and right atria and internodal pathways. It spreads downwards to the left towards the AV node.

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14
Q

Why doesn’t the depolarisation spread from the atria to the ventricles directly?

A

There is a fibrous ring between atria and ventricles so no direct contact between atrial and ventricular myocytes.

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15
Q

How does depolarisation travel from the atrium to ventricles?

A

The bundle of His allows the depolarisation to travel.

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16
Q

What Produces the Q wave?

A

Left to right depolarisation in the interventirular septum. The depolarisation moves obliquely away resulting in the small negative complex.

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17
Q

What is the large upward deflection following the Q wave termed as?

A

The R wave

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18
Q

What is the R wave?

A

Depolarisation of apex and free ventricular wall.

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19
Q

Why is the R wave large and upward?

A
  • Large due to the large muscle mass leading to more electrical activity
  • Upward because depolarisation is moving directly towards the measuring electrode
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20
Q

What happened to the R wave if there is ventricular hypertrophy?

A

The R wave will become taller as a result.

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21
Q

What forms the S wave?

A

Depolarisation spreading to the base of the ventricles.

22
Q

Why is the S wave a small, downward deflection?

A
  • Downward as it moves away from the recording electrode

- Small because it is not moving directly away

23
Q

What produces the medium, upward T wave?

A

Ventricular repolarisation that begins on the epicardial surface and spread in the opposite direction to depolarisation. It is upwards because it is a wave of repolarisation moving away from electrode.

24
Q

The P wave is atrial contraction. True/False

A

False

25
Q

Where are electrodes placed and how many? How many views of the heart do the electrodes give?

A
  • 4 electrodes on the limbs
  • 6 electrodes on the chest
  • 12 views of the heart
26
Q

What a views also known as?

A

Leads

27
Q

Which leads would be best to detect muscle necrosis due to an inferior myocardial infarction?

A

Leads 2,3 and AVF

28
Q

Which leads look at the left side of the heart?

A

Leads 1 and AVL

29
Q

What do chest leads allow?

A

6 views of the heart in the horizontal plane

30
Q

Which leads face the right ventricle and septum?

A

V1 and V2

31
Q

Which leads face the apex and anterior wall of the ventricles?

A

V3 and V4

32
Q

Which leads face the left ventricle?

A

V5 and V6

33
Q

How many seconds are 15 large squares on an ECG?

A

3 seconds

34
Q

How many seconds are 3 small squares on an ECG?

A

120ms

35
Q

How many seconds are 300 large boxes?

A

60 seconds(1 minute)

36
Q

If the R-R interval is 5 large boxes, what is the heart rate with a regular rhythm?

A

60 bpm(300/5)

37
Q

How do you calculate the heart rate if the rhythm is irregular?

A

Count the amount of QRS complexes in 6 seconds (30 large boxes). Multiply this by 10.

38
Q

Whats a normal range for PR interval?

A

0.12-0.20 seconds. 3-5 small boxes. Prolonged if more than 1 large box.

39
Q

Whats a normal range for QRS interval?

A

Less than 3 small boxes. (0.12 seconds)

40
Q

Whats a normal range for QT interval?

A

It varies with heart rate. Calculation to correct to heart rate.

41
Q

What is sinus bradycardia?

A

Sinus rhythm with rate of less than 60 bpm.

42
Q

What is sinus tachycardia?

A

Sinus rhythm with rate of more than 100 bpm.

43
Q

Whats the upper limit of corrected QT interval for adult males and adult females?

A
  • 0.45 secs (11-12 small boxes)

- 0.47 secs (11-12 small boxes)

44
Q

Where do we measure QRS complex?

A

Start of the Q wave to the end of the S wave.

45
Q

What is the relevance of the QRS complex?

A

Wider QRS complex are associated with ventricular depolarisations that are not initiated by the normal conductance mechanism.

46
Q

Where do we measure the P-R interval?

A

Start of the P wave to the start of the Q

47
Q

What is the relevance of the P-R interval?

A

Longer P-R intervals indicate slow conduction from the atria to the ventricle. (First degree heart block).

48
Q

Where do we measure the S-T segment?

A

End of the S wave to start of the T wave

49
Q

What can the S-T segment tell us?

A

The ST segment should be isoelectric. If it is depressed or raised, this indicates myocardial infarction or ischaemia.

50
Q

Where do we measure the Q-T interval?

A

Stat of the Q wave to end of T wave.

51
Q

What can the Q-T interval tell us?

A

Prolonged Q-T interval suggests prolonged repolarisation of the ventricles. This can lead to arrhythmia such as this that occur in long QT syndrome

ESA 2: Cardiovascular (11 decks)

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