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ESA 2: Cardiovascular > Cardiovascular: Session 1 > Flashcards

Cardiovascular: Session 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the cardiovascular system?

A

Pumps blood around the body which carries oxygen and nutrients to capillaries. At capillaries diffusion can take place.

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2
Q

3 factors affecting diffusion in capillaries?

A

Area available for exchange
Diffusion resistance
Concentration gradient

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3
Q

What is the rate of blood flow known as?

A

Perfusion rate

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4
Q

What is the total blood flow at rest? And maximum when active?

A

5.0 at rest

25 when active

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5
Q

What are the layers of the pericardial sac?

A

Fibrous layer
Parietal layer
Visceral layer

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6
Q

What is the purpose of the pericardial sac?

A

Allows heart to move freely by providing lubrication via fluid in the pericardial cavity. Keeps the heart in place.

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7
Q

What is cardiac tamponade and the cause?

A

Excess fluid can build up in pericardium. This leads to compression of heart due to the inextensible fibrous layer. This means heart cannot fill in diastole due to pressure.

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8
Q

What is pericardiocentesis?

A

Needle to the sac to remove the fluid.

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9
Q

Describe the coronary arteries?

A

End arteries

Vital to supply well oxygenated blood to myocardium

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10
Q

What is fluid collected from clotted blood called?

A

Serum

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11
Q

What is fluid called from unclotted blood called?

A

Plasma

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12
Q

What protein is used to measure inflammation?

A

C-reactive protein

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13
Q

What can minor changes in plasma viscosity be used to measure?

A

Inflammatory response

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14
Q

How does fluid move along a pressure gradient?

A

moves from regions of high pressure to regions of low pressure

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15
Q

What is turbulent flow?

A

blood flow in all directions in the vessel continually mixing within the vessels

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16
Q

What causes turbulent flow?

A
  • rate of blood flow becomes too great (anaemia)
  • passes an obstruction
  • makes a sharp turn
  • when it passes over a rough surface
  • increases resistance to blood flow
17
Q

What is stenosis?(in artery)

A

Narrowing of the vessel

18
Q

What is critical ischaemia?(in artery)

A

A stenosis followed by a stenosis so reduces pressure. This happens in the leg

19
Q

How can stenosis cause an aneurysm?

A

Blood flow energy is increased due to increased velocity. Causes the blood vessels beyond to stretch.

20
Q

what is pulse pressure?

A

peak systolic pressure - end diastolic pressure

21
Q

What is ‘mean arterial pressure’?

A

Diastolic pressure + 1/3 of the pulse pressure. Falling below 70 mmhg then organ perfusion is impaired.(not really used clinically)

22
Q

When does retrograde flow occur?

A

When the peripheral resistance is high - blood bounces back.

23
Q

What is pulse?

A

A shockwave that arrives slightly before the blood itself.

24
Q

What is bounding pulse?

A

A strong pulse

25
Q

Why does a bounding pulse occur?

A

Due pulse pressure widens.

26
Q

What are the effects of a lower peripheral resistance?

A

Lowers diastolic pressure therefore increases pulse pressure

27
Q

What is phase 1 sounds?

A

Systole pressure. Constant beats

28
Q

What do Phase 5 sounds indicate?

A

Diastole pressure

29
Q

What is laminar flow?

A

Blood flow in streamline with each layer of blood remaining the same distance from the wall. Centre of vessel velocity is greater than outer edge flow so parabolic profile.

30
Q

What happens to parts of the arterial tree as people get older? Which artery is an example of this?

A

Parts of the arterial tree calcify so pulse cannot be felt.

e.g. Common Femoral artery

31
Q

What is a thrill?

A

Vibration in artery as a result of turbulent flow. Can be due to a stenosis

32
Q

What is a bruit?

A

A noise in a peripheral artery.

33
Q

What is a murmur?

A

A noise across a heart valve

34
Q

What can use of wrong sized cuffs to measure blood pressure result in?

A

Incorrect diagnoses of hypertension

35
Q

What is thready pulse and what are some causes of this?

A
  • Reduced pulse volume.

- Caused by left ventricular failure, aortic valve stenosis and hypovalaemia.

36
Q

What are the 2 things that affect the volume of the pulse?

A
  • The force with which the left ventricle is able to eject blood into the arterial system and thus develop a normal shockwave
  • The pulse pressure
37
Q

What are the symptoms of a myocardial infarction?

A

Central crushing chest pain which may radiate to the arm, neck or jaw

ESA 2: Cardiovascular (11 decks)

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