Cardiovascular: Session 3

Question 1

What can cause heart defects?

Answer 1

Genetic factors- Downs syndrome, turner’s and marfan’s
Environmental factors
Maternal infections

Question 2

What chromosomal abnormality is associated with Atrio-ventricular septal defects?

Answer 2

Down syndrome

Question 3

Which atria has a larger pressure ?

Answer 3

Left atrium.

Question 4

Describe the cause and effect of a left to right shunt.

Answer 4

It requires a hole.
The result in blood from the left heart is returned to the lungs instead of going to the body
Can be damaging if the pulmonary artery or pulmonary venous pressure increases

Question 5

Describe the cause and effect of a right to left shunt.

Answer 5

Requires a hole and distal obstruction

The result is De-oxygenated blood bypasses the lungs

Question 6

What are the 2 classifications of Congenital Heart disease and conditions encompassed by them?

Answer 6

Acyanotic

• Left to right shunts : ASD, VSD, PDA
• Obstructive lesions: Aortic stenosis, Pulmonary stenosis, Coarctation of the aorta, Mitral stenosis

Cyanotic

• Tetralogy of Fallot
• Transposition of Great arteries
• Total anomalous Pulmonary venous drainage
• Univentricular Heart

Question 7

What are the haemodynamic effects of Atrial septal defects?

Answer 7

1. Increased pulmonary blood flow
2. Right ventricle overload
3. Pulmonary hypertension
4. Eventual right heart failure

Question 8

What are the Haemodynamic effects of Ventricular septal defects?

Answer 8

1. Left to right shunt
2. Left ventricular overload
3. Pulmonary Venous congestion
4. Eventual Pulmonary Hypertension

Question 9

What is the effect of transposition of the Great arteries?

Answer 9

1. Right ventricle is connected to Aorta
2. Left ventricle is connected to pulmonary Artery
3. Not viable unless the two circuit communicate via atrial, ventricular or ductal shunts

Question 10

What is the path-physiology of Pulmonary Atresia?

Answer 10

1. No Right ventricle outlet