Cardiovascular response to exercise

Question 1

2 ways cardiovascular system adapts to exercise

Answer 1

acutely (increase o2 by blood flow)
chronically deliver more o2 to active muscle mass (more effective during submaximal)

Question 2

cardiovascular factors influencing o2 uptake and vo2 max

Answer 2

cardiac structure and function
blood plasma volume
blood flow and distribution
o2 extraction (avo2 diff)

Question 3

Fick equation

Answer 3

vo2 = HR x SV x (a-v)o2 difference

Question 4

avo2 diff

Answer 4

increases during training as active muscles utilise o2 more efficiently by increasing oxidative capacity

Question 5

preload

Answer 5

about of blood in ventricle before contraction (end diastolic volume)

Question 6

what does preload determine

Answer 6

cardiac muscle length before contraction

Question 7

afterload

Answer 7

the pressure against which ventricle must contract (vascular resistance)

Question 8

the higher the afterload …

Answer 8

the less blood will be ejected per heartbeat

Question 9

frank starling principle

Answer 9

length-tension relationship within the ventricle (greater stretch = greater contraction)

Question 10

in endurance athletes, left ventricular volume is

Answer 10

larger
increased preload = increase stroke volume = increase eccentric hypertrophy (lengthening) so lots of blood filling

Question 11

in resistance athletes what is larger

Answer 11

posterior wall thickness and septal thickness
increased after load = decreased sv = concentric hypertrophy

Question 12

what’s stroke volume determine by

Answer 12

preload
afterload
contractility

Question 13

what is cardiac output directly related to

Answer 13

Venus return and vascular resistance

Question 14

endurance training sv adaptations

Answer 14

increase preload (ventricular filling) =
increase ventricular dimensions =
increase diastolic filling time during bradycardia =
increase contractility =
increase max sv

Question 15

cardiac output adaptations

Answer 15

vo2max
training sub maximal decreases as increase o2 extraction

Question 16

heavy exercise vs rest muscle blood flow

Answer 16

exercise = 20Lmin
rest = 0.75Lmin

Question 17

acute blood flow regulaton

Answer 17

muscle metabolites and temp
dilator substances produced by endothelium
pressure changes in vessels
sympathetic activity

Question 18

blood volume changes research

Answer 18

higher blood volume in trained athletes
early changes = increase blood volume (10days) then rbc increase

Question 19

EPO

Answer 19

induces production of rbc

Question 20

blood transfusion

Answer 20

autologous - own blood
homologous - someone else blood

Question 21

hematocrit pre and post training

Answer 21

decreases as plasma volume increase compared to rbc is larger proportion

Question 22

increase in plasma proteins causes

Answer 22

attraction of more water (osmotic effect) INCREASING plasma volume further