Cardiovascular Physiology Part H: Blood

Question 1

What does H2O in plasma do?

Answer 1

transport medium and carries heat

Question 2

Functions of proteins in plasma

ex. albumins, globulins, fibrinogens

Answer 2

i. produce osmotic pressure (especially albumins)
ii. buffer pH (7.35-7.45) - keep it from changing
iii. α, β globulins - transport lipids, metal ions, hormones
iv. γ (gamma) globulins = antibodies
v. clot formation

Question 3

Functions of Electrolytes in plasma

Answer 3

i. membrane excitability

ii. buffers (HCO3)

Question 4

Functions of RBC

Answer 4

i. transport – O2 on iron (Fe) of heme; CO2 on globin
ii. buffer – globin binds to H+ reversibly
iii. carbonic anhydrase (CA) – important for CO2 transport in blood

Question 5

Heme

Answer 5

1. Fe removed and stored (liver, muscle, spleen)
2. from stores (or diet) ⇒ bone marrow cells make heme ⇒ RBCs
3. non-iron portion ⇒ bilirubin ⇒ excreted in bile from liver
4. jaundice = excess bilirubin in blood because:
   
   • excess RBC breakdown; or
   • liver dysfunction (neonates ⇒ liver immature); or
   • blockage of bile excretion

Question 6

Globin

Answer 6

converted into amino acids - recycled

Question 7

Neutrophils

Answer 7

• WBCs
• Granulocytes
• phagocytic
• 1st to enter infected area

Question 8

Eosinophils

Answer 8

• WBCs
• Granulocytes
• attack parasites
• break down chemicals released in allergic reactions

Question 9

Basophils

Answer 9

• WBCs
• Granulocytes
• secretes histamine (increases inflammation) and heparin (inhibits local clotting)

Question 10

Monocytes

Answer 10

• WBCs
• Agranulocytes
• enter tissues, enlarge to become phagocytic macrophages

Question 11

Lymphocytes

Answer 11

• WBCs
• Agranulocytes
• T lymphocytes - Helper T (TH) + cytotoxic T (CTLs) lymphocytes
• B lymphocytes - when activated, give rise to plasma cells
  - secrete antibodies
• Natural Killer Cells - attack foreign cells, abnormal cells (non-specific)

Question 12

Platelets

Answer 12

-WBCs
-Agranulocytes
-cell fragments from megakaryocytes
Functions:
-form platelet plug – prevents excess blood loss
-contain granules = coagulation factors (proteins/chemicals involved in clotting)