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Systems 1 > Cardiovascular Physiology > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Description and function of elastic arteries?

A

Aorta
Wide lumen, elastic wall
Damp pressure variations

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2
Q

Description and function of muscular arteries?

A

Wide lumen, strong non-elastic wall

Low resistance conduit

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3
Q

Description and function of resistance vessels?

A

Narrow lumen, thick contractile wall

Allow regional redirection of blood

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4
Q

Description and function of capillaries?

A

Narrow lumen, single cell wall, for diffusion

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5
Q

Description and function of veins

A

Wide lumen, distensible wall

Low resistance conduit and resevoir, allows fractional distribution of blood

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6
Q

What releases nor/adrenaline?

A 
Sympathetic nerves (noradrenaline)
Adrenal medulla (adrenaline)
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7
Q

What does noradrenaline act on?

A

B1-receptors on sino-atrial node

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8
Q

What is the parasympathetic effect on the nervous system?

A

Vagus release of ACh

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9
Q

What is the effect of ACh?

A

Hyperpolarisation AND decreased slope of pacemaker potential

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10
Q

What does ACh act on?

A

Muscarinic receptors on sinoatrial node

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11
Q

What is Starling’s Law?

A

Energy of contraction of proportional to the initial length of the cardiac muscle fibre

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12
Q

How does increased venous return increase stroke volume?

A

Increased stretch due to increased end diastolic volume

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13
Q

What is afterload?

A

The load against which the muscle tries to contract

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14
Q

What general factors effect afterload

A

Cardiac output

Total peripheral resistance

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15
Q

If TPR increases, what will the effect be on stroke volume? Why?

A

Decrease

More energy wasted on building up sufficient pressure

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16
Q

What is the effect of the sympathetic nervous system on stroke volume?

A

Increased, shorter contractility

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17
Q

What is the effect of the parasympathetic system on stroke volume?

A

None

18
Q

What effect does hypercalcaemia have on stroke volume?

A

Increased stroke volume

Reduced EDV

19
Q

Effect of hypocalcaemia, ischaemia and barbiturate on stroke volume?

A

Reduced stroke volume

Increased end diastolic volume

20
Q

CO =

A

HR x SV

21
Q

How does artificially increasing HR to increase CO cause a drop in SV?

A

Shortened cardiac interval cuts into filling phase
Reduced EDV
Reduced Stroke volume

22
Q

Gross structure of capillaries

A 
Thin wall
Small diameter (SA:V)
23
Q

What is the structure of continuous capillaries? Where are they found?

A

No clefts or channels

Found in brain

24
Q

What is the structure of fenestrated capillaries? Where are they found?

A

Clefts and channels

Found in intestine

25
Q

What is the structure of discontinuous capillaries? Where are they found?

A

Clefts and massive channels

26
Q

Anti-clotting mechanisms of the endothelium

A 
Stop blood contacting collagen
Prostacyclin and NO
Tissue factor pathway inhibitor
Thrombomodulin and heparin
t-PA
27
Q

Diffusion from capillary to cell is:

A

Self-regulating
Non-saturable
Non-polar

28
Q

How do polar substances cross from capillary to cell?

A

Clefts and channels

29
Q

How much fluid is filtered every day? How much is lost? Where does it go?

A

20L, 3L lost

Drained through lymphatics

30
Q

What macrofactors cause Oedema

A

Lymphatic Obstruction
Raised CVP
Hypoproteinemia
Increased capillary permeability

31
Q

What four pressures dictate fluid exchange in capillaries?

A

Capillary Hydrostatic
ISF Hydrostatic
Plasma osmotic
ISF Osmotic

32
Q

Function of Heparin and Thrombomodulin

A

Inactivate thrombin

33
Q

What is the function of Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor?

A

Stops thrombin production

34
Q

Function of prostacyclin and NO

A

Inhibit platelet aggregation

35
Q

What is the function of t-PA?

A

Plasminogen activator
Plasminogen > plasmin
Plasmin digests clot

36
Q

What are the 5 stages of the cardiac cycle?

A
  1. Late Diastole
  2. Atrial systole
  3. Isovolumic ventricular contraction
  4. Ventricular ejection
  5. Isovolumic ventricular relaxation
37
Q

What is Isovolumic ventricular contraction?

A

First phase of ventricular contraction

Pushes AV valves shut but doesn’t open semilunar valves

38
Q

When does Ventricular ejection occur?

A

When the pressure in the ventricle exceeds the pressure in the arteries

39
Q

What is Isovolumic ventricular relaxation?

A

Ventricles relax and pressure falls, causing blood to flow back into the cusps and snap the aortic valve shut

40
Q

When is the volume of the left ventricle greatest?

A

End of diastole (EDV)

41
Q

When is the volume of the left ventricle smallest?

A

End of systole (ESV)

Systems 1 (25 decks)

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