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Systems 1 > Blood Pressure Physiology > Flashcards

Blood Pressure Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What two factors effect the rate of flow?

A

Pressure and radius

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2
Q

Mean Arterial Pressure =

A

Cardiac Output x Total Peripheral Resistance

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3
Q

Change in pressure =

A

Flow x Resistance

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4
Q

What is meant by intrinsic mechanisms for controlling flow?

A

Selfish needs of each individual tissue

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5
Q

What is meant by extrinsic mechanisms for controlling flow?

A

Ensuring that total peripheral resistance in the whole body is correct

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6
Q

What is the neural extrinsic control of flow?

A

Sympathetic nerves

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7
Q

How do sympathetic nerves decrease blood flow?

A

Release of Norepinephrine
binds to alpha1-receptors
causes constriction

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8
Q

What are the hormonal extrinsic controls of blood flow?

A

Epinephrine
Angiotensin II
Vasopression (ADH)
ANP/BNP

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9
Q

Where is epinephrine released from?

A

Adrenal medulla

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10
Q

What does epinephrine bind to to reduce flow through tissue?

A

alpha1-receptors

causes constriction

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11
Q

In which tissues does epinephrine increase flow?

A

Skeletal and cardiac muscle

Acts on beta2-receptors to cause dilation

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12
Q

What are the 4 intrinsic controls of blood flow?

A

Active hyperaemia
Pressure autoregulation
Reactive hyperaemia
Injury response

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13
Q

What is active hyperaemia?

A

Increased blood concentration of metabolites due to increased activity

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14
Q

How does active hyperaemia trigger vasodilation?

A

Increased metabolites trigger EDRF release to increase flow and ‘wash away’ metabolites

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15
Q

What is pressure autoregulation?

A

Decreased flow causing an accumulation of metabolites triggering EDRF release

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16
Q

What is reactive hyperaemia?

A

Occlusion of blood supply causing a subsequent increase in flow

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17
Q

What is the injury response?

A

C-fibres releasing substance P to trigger mast cells to release Histamine

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18
Q

What effect does histamine have on blood flow?

A

Arteriolar dilation

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19
Q

When in the cardiac cycle does the heart receive blood?

A

Diastole

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20
Q

How does the pulmonary circulation differ from the rest of the body?

A

Decreased O2 causes arteriolar constriction to ensure blood is sent to the best ventilated area

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21
Q

Which systemic circulations show excellent pressure autoregulation?

A

Cerebral

Renal

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22
Q

How do elastic arteries act as pressure reservoirs?

A

Damping down pressure variations

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23
Q

What four factors effect the size of the pressure wave?

A

Stroke volume
Ejection velocity
TPR
Arterial elasticity

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24
Q

What is the systemic filling pressure?

A

Pressure left to push blood back into the ventricle

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25
Q

Where does the largest pressure drop occur in the arterial system?

A

Through arterioles (resistance vessels)

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26
Q

Where is blood velocity lowest?

A

capillaries

27
Q

What 5 factors effect pressure and flow in veins?

A 
Gravity
Skeletal Muscle Pump
Respiratory Pump
Venomotor tone
Systemic Filling pressure
28
Q

Inhalation has what effect on venous return?

A

Inspiration increases venous return

29
Q

What is venomotor tone?

A

State of contraction of the smooth muscles surrounding veins

30
Q

Where are the arterial baroreceptors located?

A

Common carotid sinus

Aortic arch

31
Q

Increases in pressure are more easily detected where?

A

Carotid baroreceptors

32
Q

Where does information from the baroreceptors travel to?

A

The medullary cardiovascular centre

33
Q

Which nerve connects to the aortic baroreceptor?

A

Vagus nerve

34
Q

Which nerve connects to the carotid sinus baroreceptor?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve

35
Q

Which nerve acts parasympathetically on the heart?

A

Vagus nerve

36
Q

What is the effect of venoconstriction on stroke volume?

A

Increased end diastolic volume which increases stroke volume

37
Q

What are the other inputs to the medullary cardiovascular centre?

A 
Central Chemoreceptors
Joint and muscle chemoreceptors
Higher centres (need to exercise soon)
38
Q

How does a reduced EDV reduce MAP?

A

Reduced preload -> SV -> CO

39
Q

What is the effect of standing on blood pressure? Why?

A

Reduced blood pressure due to decreased venous return

40
Q

What is the effect of decreased vagal tone on the heart?

A

Increased HR, increased CO

41
Q

Definition of the Valsalva manoeuvre

A

Forced expiration against a closed glottis

42
Q

How does the Valsalva initially effect the heart?

A

Increased thoracic pressure, decreased venous return causing a drop in CO
Increases parasympathetic tone

43
Q

Which three systems have long term control of blood pressure?

A

RAAS System
ADF (vasopressin)
ANP/BNP

44
Q

How is an osmotic gradient built up in the kidney?

A

Pumping out Na+

45
Q

How does the kidney regulate plasma volume?

A

Varying the permeability to water effecting the reabsorption

46
Q

What happens if the collecting duct is very permeable to water?

A

Water is reabsorbed (low urine level)

47
Q

An impermeable collecting duct will lead to what?

A

Little water being reabsorbed, diuresis

48
Q

Where is renin produced?

A

The juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney

49
Q

What triggers renin production?

A

Activation of sympathetic nerves to juxtaglomerular apparatus
Decreased distension of afferent arterioles
Decreased delivery of Na+/Cl- through tubule

50
Q

What does renin do?

A

Converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin 1?

51
Q

What does ACE do?

A

Concerts Angiotensin 1 into angiotensin 2

52
Q

What does angiotensin 2 do?

A

Stimulates the release of aldosterone
Increased release of ADH
Is a vasoconstrictor

53
Q

What is the effect of ADH?

A

Increased permeability of the collecting duct (reduced diuresis)
Vasoconstriction

54
Q

What is the effect of aldosterone?

A

Increased Na+ reabsorption (reduced diuresis)

55
Q

Where is ADH produced?

A

Synth: Hypothalamus
Released: Posterior pituitary

56
Q

What triggers ADH release?

A

Low blood volume
Increased osmolarity of ISF
Circulating Angiotensin 2

57
Q

What causes the release of ANP?

A

Increased atrial distension

58
Q

What does ANP do?

A

Increased natriuresis

Inhibits renin release

59
Q

What is phase 1 korotkoff?

A

Faint tapping of increasing intensity

SYSTOLIC PRESSURE

60
Q

What is phase 2 korotkoff?

A

Softening of sounds progressing to swishing

61
Q

What is phase 3 korotkoff?

A

Return of louder sounds

62
Q

What is phase 4 korotkoff?

A

Muffling of sounds

63
Q

What is phase 5 korotkoff?

A

Return of silence

DIASTOLIC PRESSURE

Systems 1 (25 decks)

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