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Systems 1 > Blood Pressure Physiology > Flashcards

Blood Pressure Physiology Flashcards

(63 cards)

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1
Q

What two factors effect the rate of flow?

A

Pressure and radius

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2
Q

Mean Arterial Pressure =

A

Cardiac Output x Total Peripheral Resistance

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3
Q

Change in pressure =

A

Flow x Resistance

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4
Q

What is meant by intrinsic mechanisms for controlling flow?

A

Selfish needs of each individual tissue

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5
Q

What is meant by extrinsic mechanisms for controlling flow?

A

Ensuring that total peripheral resistance in the whole body is correct

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6
Q

What is the neural extrinsic control of flow?

A

Sympathetic nerves

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7
Q

How do sympathetic nerves decrease blood flow?

A

Release of Norepinephrine
binds to alpha1-receptors
causes constriction

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8
Q

What are the hormonal extrinsic controls of blood flow?

A

Epinephrine
Angiotensin II
Vasopression (ADH)
ANP/BNP

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9
Q

Where is epinephrine released from?

A

Adrenal medulla

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10
Q

What does epinephrine bind to to reduce flow through tissue?

A

alpha1-receptors

causes constriction

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11
Q

In which tissues does epinephrine increase flow?

A

Skeletal and cardiac muscle

Acts on beta2-receptors to cause dilation

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12
Q

What are the 4 intrinsic controls of blood flow?

A

Active hyperaemia
Pressure autoregulation
Reactive hyperaemia
Injury response

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13
Q

What is active hyperaemia?

A

Increased blood concentration of metabolites due to increased activity

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14
Q

How does active hyperaemia trigger vasodilation?

A

Increased metabolites trigger EDRF release to increase flow and ‘wash away’ metabolites

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15
Q

What is pressure autoregulation?

A

Decreased flow causing an accumulation of metabolites triggering EDRF release

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16
Q

What is reactive hyperaemia?

A

Occlusion of blood supply causing a subsequent increase in flow

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17
Q

What is the injury response?

A

C-fibres releasing substance P to trigger mast cells to release Histamine

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18
Q

What effect does histamine have on blood flow?

A

Arteriolar dilation

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19
Q

When in the cardiac cycle does the heart receive blood?

A

Diastole

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20
Q

How does the pulmonary circulation differ from the rest of the body?

A

Decreased O2 causes arteriolar constriction to ensure blood is sent to the best ventilated area

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21
Q

Which systemic circulations show excellent pressure autoregulation?

A

Cerebral

Renal

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22
Q

How do elastic arteries act as pressure reservoirs?

A

Damping down pressure variations

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23
Q

What four factors effect the size of the pressure wave?

A

Stroke volume
Ejection velocity
TPR
Arterial elasticity

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24
Q

What is the systemic filling pressure?

A

Pressure left to push blood back into the ventricle

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25
Where does the largest pressure drop occur in the arterial system?
Through arterioles (resistance vessels)
26
Where is blood velocity lowest?
capillaries
27
What 5 factors effect pressure and flow in veins?
``` Gravity Skeletal Muscle Pump Respiratory Pump Venomotor tone Systemic Filling pressure ```
28
Inhalation has what effect on venous return?
Inspiration increases venous return
29
What is venomotor tone?
State of contraction of the smooth muscles surrounding veins
30
Where are the arterial baroreceptors located?
Common carotid sinus | Aortic arch
31
Increases in pressure are more easily detected where?
Carotid baroreceptors
32
Where does information from the baroreceptors travel to?
The medullary cardiovascular centre
33
Which nerve connects to the aortic baroreceptor?
Vagus nerve
34
Which nerve connects to the carotid sinus baroreceptor?
Glossopharyngeal nerve
35
Which nerve acts parasympathetically on the heart?
Vagus nerve
36
What is the effect of venoconstriction on stroke volume?
Increased end diastolic volume which increases stroke volume
37
What are the other inputs to the medullary cardiovascular centre?
``` Central Chemoreceptors Joint and muscle chemoreceptors Higher centres (need to exercise soon) ```
38
How does a reduced EDV reduce MAP?
Reduced preload -> SV -> CO
39
What is the effect of standing on blood pressure? Why?
Reduced blood pressure due to decreased venous return
40
What is the effect of decreased vagal tone on the heart?
Increased HR, increased CO
41
Definition of the Valsalva manoeuvre
Forced expiration against a closed glottis
42
How does the Valsalva initially effect the heart?
Increased thoracic pressure, decreased venous return causing a drop in CO Increases parasympathetic tone
43
Which three systems have long term control of blood pressure?
RAAS System ADF (vasopressin) ANP/BNP
44
How is an osmotic gradient built up in the kidney?
Pumping out Na+
45
How does the kidney regulate plasma volume?
Varying the permeability to water effecting the reabsorption
46
What happens if the collecting duct is very permeable to water?
Water is reabsorbed (low urine level)
47
An impermeable collecting duct will lead to what?
Little water being reabsorbed, diuresis
48
Where is renin produced?
The juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney
49
What triggers renin production?
Activation of sympathetic nerves to juxtaglomerular apparatus Decreased distension of afferent arterioles Decreased delivery of Na+/Cl- through tubule
50
What does renin do?
Converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin 1?
51
What does ACE do?
Concerts Angiotensin 1 into angiotensin 2
52
What does angiotensin 2 do?
Stimulates the release of aldosterone Increased release of ADH Is a vasoconstrictor
53
What is the effect of ADH?
Increased permeability of the collecting duct (reduced diuresis) Vasoconstriction
54
What is the effect of aldosterone?
Increased Na+ reabsorption (reduced diuresis)
55
Where is ADH produced?
Synth: Hypothalamus Released: Posterior pituitary
56
What triggers ADH release?
Low blood volume Increased osmolarity of ISF Circulating Angiotensin 2
57
What causes the release of ANP?
Increased atrial distension
58
What does ANP do?
Increased natriuresis | Inhibits renin release
59
What is phase 1 korotkoff?
Faint tapping of increasing intensity | SYSTOLIC PRESSURE
60
What is phase 2 korotkoff?
Softening of sounds progressing to swishing
61
What is phase 3 korotkoff?
Return of louder sounds
62
What is phase 4 korotkoff?
Muffling of sounds
63
What is phase 5 korotkoff?
Return of silence | DIASTOLIC PRESSURE

Systems 1 (25 decks)

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