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HHP > Cardiovascular Phsyology > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Phsyology Flashcards

1
Q

What’s an intercalated disk

A

The space between two cardiac cells

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2
Q

What is a gap junction

A

Channels allow ion flow between cells fro rapid AP conduction

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3
Q

What are desmosomes

A

Physical protein connections between cells

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4
Q

What is the order of an action potential in the nodes in the heart

A 
Slow depolarisation (pacemaker potential)
Rapid depolarisation (action potential)
Repolorisation
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5
Q

What is special about pacemaker cells?

A

They fire spontaneously

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6
Q

What is the cardiac contractile cells process

A 
Depolarisation (sodium floods in)
Repolarisation (calcium ions out)
Plateau (k channels shut ca open)
Repolorisation (delayed I out of cell)
Resting potential
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7
Q

What is Einthoven Triangle

A

A triangle of electrodes right are left arm and left leg forming equilateral triangle around the heart

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8
Q

What are the ECG leads

A

1 2 and 3 anti-clockwise around the heart

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9
Q

What is the p wave?

A

Atrial depolarisation

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10
Q

What is theQRS complex

A

Ventricular depolarisation

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11
Q

What is the t wave

A

Ventricular repolorisation

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12
Q

What is the PQ interval

A

AV node conduction time

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13
Q

What is the QT interval

A

Ventricular systole

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14
Q

What is the TQ interval

A

Ventricular diastole

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15
Q

What is the RR interval

A

Time between heartbeats

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16
Q

What is an arrhythmia?

A

Heart beat too fast or too slow

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17
Q

What is a third degree block

A

No conduction via AV node causing out of sync atrial and ventricular contractions

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18
Q

What is fibrillation

A

Atria or ventricles don’t beat in a rhythm atrial causes weakness ventricular can cause death

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19
Q

What is venous return

A

Blood passing through AV node under its own pressure

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20
Q

Isovolumetric contraction

A

Ventricles contract but pressure not enough to open semilunar valves. Volume constant

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21
Q

What is ventricular ejection

A

Blood exits

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22
Q

What is isovolumetric relaxation

A

Ventricles relax but pressure too high for AV valves to open thus all valves are shut

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23
Q

What is systole

A

Contraction

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24
Q

What is diastole

A

Heart relaxes

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25
Q

What is the dicrotic notch in the aortic pressure diagram

A

This is the shutting of the aortic valve

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26
Q

How do you calculate pulse pressure?

A

PP=Systolic pressure-diastolic pressure

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27
Q

How do you calculate mean arterial pressure?

A

MAP= diastolic pressure + (pulse pressure/3)

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28
Q

What is EDV

A

End diastolic volume

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29
Q

What is ESV

A

End systolic volume

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30
Q

How do you calculate stroke volume?

A

SV = EDV-ESV

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31
Q

How do you calculate ejection fraction ratio

A

EF = SV/EDV

Volume in one heart beat divided by volume prior to ejection given as a percentage

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32
Q

What is the lub sound

A

AV valves closing

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33
Q

What is the dub sound

A

Semi lunar valves closing

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34
Q

What is it that causes the sounds m?

A

It is not the snapping shut of valves it is the sound of blood rushing through them as the narrow

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35
Q

What is coronary artery disease

A

This is where atherosclerotic plaque have accumulated in the arteries restricting blood flow causing angina

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36
Q

How is coronary artery disease detected

A

Use and angiography to see thinning arteries radio opaque dye Injected

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37
Q

What is an angioplasty

A

This is where A stent is inserted

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38
Q

What is a bglass graft?

A

This is where open heart surgerey grafts vessels to bypass the blockage

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39
Q

What is acyanotic mean?

A

Blood has normal levels of oxygen

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40
Q

What does cyanostic mean

A

Blood has reduced oxygen hence it’s darker colour

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41
Q

What does a septal defect do

A

Blood flow left too right

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42
Q

What happens when the aorta are coarctation

A

It’s narrowed hence higher blood pressure

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43
Q

What is patent duct is arteriosus

A

This is where a vessel co etc sort and pulmonary trunk

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44
Q

What is tetralogy of fallot

A

4 defects septal defect and right aorta defect causes blue baby

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45
Q

How do you calculate cardiac output

A

CO = heart rate x stroke volume

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46
Q

What is extrinsic and intrinsic control of the heart

A

Intrinsic controlled by factors in the heart extrinsic eg hormonal control outside the heart

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47
Q

What are the two parts to the autonomic nervous system

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

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48
Q

What is the 1. Parasympathetic neurotransmitter

2. Sympathetic neurotransmitter

A

1 acetylcholine

2 noradrenaline

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49
Q

What does sympathetic control of the heart do

A

Increased cardiac output

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50
Q

What does parasympathetic control of the heart do

A

Decreased cardiac output

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51
Q

How do hormones control the heart

A

Adrenaline causes SA node to fire faster

52
Q

What factors effect stroke volume?

A

Ventricular contractility
End diastolic volume change
Afterload in stroke volume

53
Q

How is ventricular contractility changed

A

Sympathetic neurones cause greater Ca ion concentration causing increase in contractility

54
Q

What is starlings law of the heart

A

This is the idea that muscle fibres stretch increasing the contractile force when the stroke volume of the heart increases in response to the volume of blood in the ventricles

55
Q

What circuit are things in the body arranged in

A

Parallel

56
Q

Where does blood flow the slowest

A

Capillaries

57
Q

What are the 3 blood vessel layers

A

Endothelium, smooth muscle, connective tissue

58
Q

What do the different amounts of muscle in arteries mean

A

Some have more and vaisoconstrict more

59
Q

What is special about arterioles

A

Control amount of blood to capillary beds

60
Q

Capillary layers?

A

Endothelium and basement membrane

61
Q

What are fenestration’s

A

Pores in types of capillaries

62
Q

What are special about fenestrated capillaries

A

Greater exchange of fluids

63
Q

What is microcirculation

A

Blood flow through the capillaries

64
Q

What is a precapilary sphincter

A

Ring of muscle that vaisoconstricts the capillaries

65
Q

What don’t venuoles have

A

No smooth muscle

66
Q

What do veins have?

A

Valves

67
Q

How is blood pressure measured

A

Increase cuff and let down untill blood flow can be heard again

68
Q

Why must capillary blood pressure be closely controlled

A

Pressure relates to solute control

69
Q

What is the respiratory pump

A

This is where you inhale and compress the veins forcing blood towards the heart

70
Q

What is the skeletal muscle pump

A

Skeletal muscles again compress veins and push blood towards the heart

71
Q

How do you calculate MAP

A

MAP = CO x total peripheral resistance

72
Q

How do you calculate cardiac output

A

Co= heart rate x stroke volume

73
Q

What is Darcys law?

A

Flow is proportional to the pressure difference between two points

Flow bing volume in a give time

74
Q

What is laminar flow

A

Occurs in normal arteries and veins

75
Q

Turbulent flow?

A

This occurs in the ventricles and ascending aorta

76
Q

Single file flow?

A

Occurs in capillaries

77
Q

What is flow proportional too

A

Tube length

Fluid viscosity

78
Q

What happens if series units are added

A

Resistance increases

79
Q

What happens if parallel units are added

A

Resistance decreases

80
Q

What is compliance

A

Compliance = volume / pressure inside - pressure outside

81
Q

What has a higher compliance

A

Veins they are thin walled and stretchy

82
Q

Why are forces needed in the blood vessel walls

A

Tension is needed to withstand translational pressure created by the heart

83
Q

What is the law of Laplace

A

Tension = (transluminal pressure x radius) / wall thickness

84
Q

Where is vessel rupture most likely

A

Aorta

85
Q

What is metabolic control of blood flow?

A

This is where there is a clear correlation between metabolism and blood flow

86
Q

What factors can cause vaisodilation.

A

Nutrient content

87
Q

What does nitric oxide do

A

This causes the smooth muscle to relax

88
Q

How is constant blood flow controlled?

A

Increase and decrease in resistance

89
Q

What is a long term auto regulation?

A

This is where capillary number and size increase or meet deman. This occurs in the heart due to a partial obstruction of the coronary vessels

90
Q

Does the capillary flavour fluid absorption true or false?

A

True

91
Q

What is the net fluid balance movement in a capillary bed?

A

Out at arteries in at venous end

92
Q

What is the main purpose of the lymphatic system

A

Return lost tisssue fluid and kill pathogens

93
Q

What is the lymphatic system a major transporter of

A

Fats into the blood via chylomicrons

94
Q

What are lymph nodes

A

These are clusters of lymphocytes and macrophages

95
Q

What are baroreceptors

A

These are receptors that detect pressure due to the stretch sensitivity
They are in the aortic arch

96
Q

What happens when baroreceptors are stimulated

A

The heart rate is decreased

97
Q

What part of the brain controls heart rate

A

The medulla (cardiovascular centre)

98
Q

What is the baroreceptors reflex an example of.

A

Homeostasis

99
Q

What happens when someone’s posture changes, laying to standing

A

Higher pressure to get blood to head

100
Q

What is orthostasis

A

A sever challenge to CV system and can cause syncope. This happens when standing as EDV volume Lowe so strike volume low and not enough blood moves

101
Q

What is cerebral perfusion pressure

A

This is the pressure gradient causing blood flow to the brain

102
Q

What happens without baroreceptors

A

Blood pressure much less stable

103
Q

What are the purpose of atrial receptors

A

Regulation of blood volume

104
Q

What happens when blood pressure drops?

A

Stimulation of receptors cause ADH release to increase blood volume

105
Q

What else does ADH do

A

It causes vaisoconstriction

106
Q

What does denervation mean?

A

Loss of nerve supply to an area

107
Q

How do chemoreceptors control blood pressure

A

If O2 CO2 or H+ cha he’s then so does blood pressure

108
Q

What do chemoreceptors do to the lungs

A

Cause deeper breathing if needed

109
Q

What is the Cushing reaction

A

Increase in blood pressure and decrease in heart rate and irregular breathing. This is caused by high pressure in the skull or insufficient blood flow. This causes death fast

110
Q

How is blood volume controlled

A

Kidneys

111
Q

What is the renin-angiotensin-aldetosterone system?

A

This is caused by blood volume fall
It’s detected by juxtoglomelular class in kidney
Causes vaisoconstriction tasing TPR
Increases NA absorption causing increasing water reavsorbed thus rise in blood volume and CO

112
Q

What is TPR

A

Total periphrial resistance

113
Q

What does noradrenaline do to the heart

A

Increases heart rate

114
Q

What does acetylcholine do to the heart

A

Decreases heart rate

115
Q

What does atrial natiuretic peptide do

A

Causes water loss at kidneys

116
Q

What does nitric oxide do

A

Vaisodilation

117
Q

What is the adrenal medulla, what does it secrete

A

Adrenaline and noradrenaline

118
Q

What receptors do noradrenaline and adrenaline effect

A

A1 A2 B1 B2 and B3

119
Q

Adrenaline stimulate glycogenolysis what is this?

A

Break down of glycogen to release glucose

120
Q

What is released when there is familiar stress

A

Noradrenaline

121
Q

What is released for u familiar stress

A

Adrenaline

122
Q

What is pharchromocytoma?

A

This is a tumour on the adrenal medulla it causes high BP and sweating + high blood glucose

123
Q

What is cortisol

A

This is a hormone released in response to stress and causes motabalism and repair

124
Q

When is cortisol released

A

When exposed to day light

125
Q

What is Cushing disease?

A

This is a tumour if adrenal vortex causing cortisol secretion resulting in moon face and buffalo hump

126
Q

What is Addison’s disease?

A

Low blood pressure susceptibility to stress

127
Q

What is syncope

A

Fainting due to reduced perfusion pressure to the brain

HHP (3 decks)

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