Cardiovascular Pathophysiology Flashcards
What are the two largest causes of CVD?
Coronary artery disease (CAD) and myocardial infarction (MI)
What is the number one killer in the US?
Cardiovascular disease (CVD)
What is the biggest risk factor of CVD?
Hypertension
What is the number one modifiable risk factor of hemorrhagic and ischemic strokes?
HTN
What race is HTN more prevalent in?
African Americans
When is HTN most prevalent?
Older age
What are blood pressure guidelines?
- Normal: 100 and >160
What do LDLs and HDLs do?
LDLs - transport cholesterol to cells
HDLs - transports cholesterol from the body to the liver
What is the goal for total cholesterol?
<200 mg/dL
What is the goal for triglycerides?
<150 mg/dL
What is CAD?
Plaque buildup inside of the artery diminishes how blood is moving through the artery
What is the first sign of plaque formation called?
Fatty streak
What is myocardial ischemia?
When the oxygen supply does not meet the oxygen demand
Where does the cardiac plexus enter the spinal cord?
C7-T5 level
What are the two types of angina?
Stable - consistent workload precipitates ischemia, relieved by rest
Unstable - lower workload precipitates ischemia or angina lasts longer or different quality to angina
What are the three zones of hypoxic injury?
- Zone of infarction - weak, vulnerable; scar 10-14 days; fibrous scar 6-8 weeks
- Zone of hypoxic injury - function 2-3 weeks
- Zone of ischemia
What two things are important for diagnosing an MI?
Positive test for cardiac enzymes and positive test for ECG changes
What is a cardiac catheterization?
Tube ends up in the coronary arteries and ejects a neon substance which light up on an x-ray - can estimate stenosis
What does a thallium stress test detect?
Ischemia, infarction, or CAD
What is an echocardiogram?
Uses sound waves to determine structural issues in the heart and can also help determine blood flow, health of the valves, and estimate ejection fraction and cardiac output
What are surgical treatments for an MI?
PTCA (balloon tipped catheter) or a stent
What is a CABG?
Coronary artery bypass - bypass occlusion with a different vein to return flow
What is an LVAD?
Left ventricular assist device - mechanical heart
What are signs and symptoms of peripheral artery disease (PAD)?
Pain with walking, intermittent claudication, or cool limb
