Cardiovascular Pathophysiology

Question 0

What are the two largest causes of CVD?

Answer 0

Coronary artery disease (CAD) and myocardial infarction (MI)

Question 1

What is the number one killer in the US?

Answer 1

Cardiovascular disease (CVD)

Question 2

What is the biggest risk factor of CVD?

Answer 2

Hypertension

Question 3

What is the number one modifiable risk factor of hemorrhagic and ischemic strokes?

Answer 3

HTN

Question 4

What race is HTN more prevalent in?

Answer 4

African Americans

Question 5

When is HTN most prevalent?

Answer 5

Older age

Question 6

What are blood pressure guidelines?

Answer 6

1. Normal: 100 and >160

Question 7

What do LDLs and HDLs do?

Answer 7

LDLs - transport cholesterol to cells

HDLs - transports cholesterol from the body to the liver

Question 8

What is the goal for total cholesterol?

Answer 8

<200 mg/dL

Question 9

What is the goal for triglycerides?

Answer 9

<150 mg/dL

Question 10

What is CAD?

Answer 10

Plaque buildup inside of the artery diminishes how blood is moving through the artery

Question 11

What is the first sign of plaque formation called?

Answer 11

Fatty streak

Question 12

What is myocardial ischemia?

Answer 12

When the oxygen supply does not meet the oxygen demand

Question 13

Where does the cardiac plexus enter the spinal cord?

Answer 13

C7-T5 level

Question 14

What are the two types of angina?

Answer 14

Stable - consistent workload precipitates ischemia, relieved by rest
Unstable - lower workload precipitates ischemia or angina lasts longer or different quality to angina

Question 15

What are the three zones of hypoxic injury?

Answer 15

1. Zone of infarction - weak, vulnerable; scar 10-14 days; fibrous scar 6-8 weeks
2. Zone of hypoxic injury - function 2-3 weeks
3. Zone of ischemia

Question 16

What two things are important for diagnosing an MI?

Answer 16

Positive test for cardiac enzymes and positive test for ECG changes

Question 17

What is a cardiac catheterization?

Answer 17

Tube ends up in the coronary arteries and ejects a neon substance which light up on an x-ray - can estimate stenosis

Question 18

What does a thallium stress test detect?

Answer 18

Ischemia, infarction, or CAD

Question 19

What is an echocardiogram?

Answer 19

Uses sound waves to determine structural issues in the heart and can also help determine blood flow, health of the valves, and estimate ejection fraction and cardiac output

Question 20

What are surgical treatments for an MI?

Answer 20

PTCA (balloon tipped catheter) or a stent

Question 21

What is a CABG?

Answer 21

Coronary artery bypass - bypass occlusion with a different vein to return flow

Question 22

What is an LVAD?

Answer 22

Left ventricular assist device - mechanical heart

Question 23

What are signs and symptoms of peripheral artery disease (PAD)?

Answer 23

Pain with walking, intermittent claudication, or cool limb

Question 24

What can occlusive disease lead to?

Answer 24

Critical limb ischemia - gangrene, ulcerations, and pain which can lead to having to get an amputation