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Specialities > Cardiovascular Medicine > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Medicine Flashcards

1
Q

What are the branches of the external carotid artery?

A

Use the mnemonic:

‘Some Angry Lady Figured out PMS’

Superior thyroid
Ascending pharyngeal
Lingual
Facial
Occipital
Posterior auricular
Maxillary
Superficial temporal
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2
Q

What is are the ECG signs of hyperkalaemia?

A
  • Wide QRS complexes
  • Small or absent P waves
  • Tall-tended T waves
  • Sinusoidal pattern
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3
Q

What is the correct surface landmark for locating the femoral artery?

A

Midway between the ASIS and the pubic symphysis (also known as the mid-inguinal point)

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4
Q

What is the relationship between protease inhibitors and warfarin?

A

Protease inhibitors are strong inhibitors of the CYP3A4 system and is therefore likely to interfere with warfarin metabolism

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5
Q

What murmur does aortic regurgitation cause?

A

Early diastolic

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6
Q

What murmur does aortic stenosis cause?

A

Ejection systolic murmur

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7
Q

What murmur do atrial septal defects cause?

A

Ejection systolic murmur

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8
Q

What murmur does mitral regurgitation cause?

A

Pansystolic murmur

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9
Q

What murmur does tricuspid regurgitation cause?

A

Pansystolic murmur

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10
Q

What is cor pulmonale?

A

Right-sided heart failure secondary to long-standing COPD

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11
Q

What causes cor pulmonale?

A

Chronic hypoxia from COPD, subsequent vasoconstriction in pulmonary vasculature causing pulmonary hypertension and then right-sided heart failure

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12
Q

What are common signs of cor pulmonale?

A
  • Engorged neck veins
  • Loud P2
  • Lower-extremity oedema
  • Hepatomegaly
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13
Q

What is the definition of first degree heart block?

A

A delay, without interruption, in conduction from atria to ventricles (PR interval) of >200ms (five small squares)

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14
Q

What is marked first degree heart block?

A

PR interval > 300 ms

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15
Q

What is second degree heart block type one also known as?

A

Mobitz type I, Wenckebach

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16
Q

What is the definition of second degree heart block type 1?

A

Progressive prolongation of the PR interval culminating in a non-conductive P wave (absence of QRS)

17
Q

What is second degree heart block type 2 also known as?

A

Mobitz type II, Hay block

18
Q

What is the definition of second degree heart block type 2?

A

Intermittent non-conductive P waves (loss of QRS) without progressive prolongation of the PR interval

19
Q

What is the cause of second degree heart block type 2?

A

Failure of conduction at the level of the His-Purkinje system (below the AV node)

20
Q

What is the cause of second degree heart block type 1?

A

A reversible conduction block at the level of the AV node

21
Q

What is high grade AV block?

A

A form of second degree heart block with a P:QRS ratio of 3:1 or higher producing an extremely low ventricular rate

22
Q

What is complete heart block?

A

A complete absence of AV conduction with no supraventricular impulses conducted to the ventricles which leads to severe bradycardia

23
Q

What are the ECG signs of complete heart block

A

Complete P wave dissociation from QRS complexes with independent arterial and ventricular rates

24
Q

What is ezetimibe?

A

A cholesterol-lowering drug

25
Q

What is perindopril?

A

An ACE-inhibitor

26
Q

When is stenting indicated in carotid artery stenosis?

A
  • > 70% in asymptomatic patients
  • > 50% ipsilateral in symptomatic patients
  • Bilateral stenosis
27
Q

What type of MI is most likely to cause complete heart block?

A

Inferior STEMI

28
Q

What artery is occluded in 80% of inferior STEMIs?

A

Right coronary

29
Q

Which arteries supply the lateral wall of the left ventricle?

A

Left anterior descending and left circumflex

30
Q

When do cholesterol emboli typically present?

A

After arterial manipulation such as surgery, stent placement or cardiac catheterisation

31
Q

What are thrash toes?

A

Also known as blue toes they are darkened toes caused by blockages to the small vessels of the foot

32
Q

What are the key diagnostic features of renal artery stenosis?

A
  • Severe, refractory hypertension
  • Kidney dysfunction
  • Hx of coronary artery disease/peripheral vascular disease
  • Abdominal bruid
  • ‘flash’ pulmonary oedema
33
Q

What is giant cell arteritis?

A

Granulomatous vasculitis of large and medium sized arteries primarily branches of the external carotid

34
Q

What is the most common serious complication of giant cell arteritis?

A

Irreversible blindness as a result of optic nerve ischaemia

35
Q

What is giant cell arteritis also known as?

A

Temporal arteritis

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