Cardiovascular Medicine Flashcards
What are the branches of the external carotid artery?
Use the mnemonic:
‘Some Angry Lady Figured out PMS’
Superior thyroid Ascending pharyngeal Lingual Facial Occipital Posterior auricular Maxillary Superficial temporal
What is are the ECG signs of hyperkalaemia?
- Wide QRS complexes
- Small or absent P waves
- Tall-tended T waves
- Sinusoidal pattern
What is the correct surface landmark for locating the femoral artery?
Midway between the ASIS and the pubic symphysis (also known as the mid-inguinal point)
What is the relationship between protease inhibitors and warfarin?
Protease inhibitors are strong inhibitors of the CYP3A4 system and is therefore likely to interfere with warfarin metabolism
What murmur does aortic regurgitation cause?
Early diastolic
What murmur does aortic stenosis cause?
Ejection systolic murmur
What murmur do atrial septal defects cause?
Ejection systolic murmur
What murmur does mitral regurgitation cause?
Pansystolic murmur
What murmur does tricuspid regurgitation cause?
Pansystolic murmur
What is cor pulmonale?
Right-sided heart failure secondary to long-standing COPD
What causes cor pulmonale?
Chronic hypoxia from COPD, subsequent vasoconstriction in pulmonary vasculature causing pulmonary hypertension and then right-sided heart failure
What are common signs of cor pulmonale?
- Engorged neck veins
- Loud P2
- Lower-extremity oedema
- Hepatomegaly
What is the definition of first degree heart block?
A delay, without interruption, in conduction from atria to ventricles (PR interval) of >200ms (five small squares)
What is marked first degree heart block?
PR interval > 300 ms
What is second degree heart block type one also known as?
Mobitz type I, Wenckebach
What is the definition of second degree heart block type 1?
Progressive prolongation of the PR interval culminating in a non-conductive P wave (absence of QRS)
What is second degree heart block type 2 also known as?
Mobitz type II, Hay block
What is the definition of second degree heart block type 2?
Intermittent non-conductive P waves (loss of QRS) without progressive prolongation of the PR interval
What is the cause of second degree heart block type 2?
Failure of conduction at the level of the His-Purkinje system (below the AV node)
What is the cause of second degree heart block type 1?
A reversible conduction block at the level of the AV node
What is high grade AV block?
A form of second degree heart block with a P:QRS ratio of 3:1 or higher producing an extremely low ventricular rate
What is complete heart block?
A complete absence of AV conduction with no supraventricular impulses conducted to the ventricles which leads to severe bradycardia
What are the ECG signs of complete heart block
Complete P wave dissociation from QRS complexes with independent arterial and ventricular rates
What is ezetimibe?
A cholesterol-lowering drug
What is perindopril?
An ACE-inhibitor
When is stenting indicated in carotid artery stenosis?
- > 70% in asymptomatic patients
- > 50% ipsilateral in symptomatic patients
- Bilateral stenosis
What type of MI is most likely to cause complete heart block?
Inferior STEMI
What artery is occluded in 80% of inferior STEMIs?
Right coronary
Which arteries supply the lateral wall of the left ventricle?
Left anterior descending and left circumflex
When do cholesterol emboli typically present?
After arterial manipulation such as surgery, stent placement or cardiac catheterisation
What are thrash toes?
Also known as blue toes they are darkened toes caused by blockages to the small vessels of the foot
What are the key diagnostic features of renal artery stenosis?
- Severe, refractory hypertension
- Kidney dysfunction
- Hx of coronary artery disease/peripheral vascular disease
- Abdominal bruid
- ‘flash’ pulmonary oedema
What is giant cell arteritis?
Granulomatous vasculitis of large and medium sized arteries primarily branches of the external carotid
What is the most common serious complication of giant cell arteritis?
Irreversible blindness as a result of optic nerve ischaemia
What is giant cell arteritis also known as?
Temporal arteritis
