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9. extra c&r > Cardiovascular Mechanics > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Mechanics Flashcards

1
Q

Which scan can be used to see heart contractions?

A
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2
Q

Which ion is needed for heart contraction?

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3
Q

What happens to Ca2+ ion concentration to cause a heart contraction?

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4
Q

What is the length of ventricular cells?

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5
Q

What is the width of ventricular cells?

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6
Q

What are T-tubules?

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7
Q

What is the size of T-tubules?

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8
Q

Where are T-tubules found?

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9
Q

What is the function of T-tubules?

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10
Q

What proportion of cardiac myocytes are mitochondria?

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11
Q

What proportion of cardiac myocytes are myofibrils?

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12
Q

What proportion of cardiac myocytes are sarcoplasmic reticulum?

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13
Q

What proportion of cardiac myocytes are the nucleus?

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14
Q

What is the arrangement of organelles in cardiac myocytes?

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15
Q

What surrounds T-tubules?

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16
Q

What are ryanodine receptors?

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17
Q

What are LTCCs?

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18
Q

What are RYRs?

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19
Q

What are the 8 steps of excitation-contraction coupling?
(32. F, C, A, H, E, B, G, D)

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20
Q

What is excitation-contraction coupling?

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21
Q

How does Ca2+ enter cardiac myocytes?

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22
Q

What is the pathway of Ca2+ in excitation-contraction coupling?

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23
Q

Which 4 transporter proteins are used for Ca2+ in excitation-contraction coupling?

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24
Q

What is the relationship between cytoplasmic Ca2+ conc and contraction force?
(graph) - sigmoidal

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25
Q

How can muscle force be measured?

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26
Q

What is the relationship between cardiac muscle length and contraction force? (graph)

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27
Q

What is muscle active force?

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28
Q

What is muscle passive force?

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29
Q

What is isometric contraction?

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30
Q

Draw the muscle length-contraction force graph for total force

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31
Q

Draw the muscle length-contraction force graph for active force

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32
Q

Draw the muscle length-contraction force graph for passive force

A
33
Q

Why does cardiac muscle stretch have a limit? (pericardium)

A
34
Q

What is the difference between resistance and compliance of cardiac vs skeletal muscle?

A
35
Q

Draw the force graph for skeletal muscle (total, passive, active)

A
36
Q

Draw the force graph for cardiac muscle (total, passive, active)

A
37
Q

Why are there differences in the properties of cardiac vs skeletal muscle? (2)

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38
Q

What is isometric cardiac contraction?

A
39
Q

What is isotonic cardiac contraction?

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40
Q

What is the stretch-force graph for isometric cardiac contraction?

A
41
Q

What is a preload vs afterload? (see 18 + 19)

A
42
Q

What is the relationship between afterload and cardiac muscle shortening and why?

A
43
Q

What is the stretch-force graph for isotonic cardiac contraction?

A
44
Q

Which type of load leads to isometric contraction?

A
44
Q

Which type of load leads to isotonic contraction?

A
45
Q

What determines the heart preload and why? - venous return

A
46
Q

What are the 3 measures of preload?

A
47
Q

What determines the heart afterload and why?

A
48
Q

What is the diastolic blood pressure in humans? - 80

A
48
Q

Which condition is very closely related to cardiac complications?

A
49
Q

What is the measure of afterload?

A
50
Q

What is the Frank-Starling relationship?

A
51
Q

Why do ventricles pump a greater stroke volume according to the Frank-Starling relationship?

A
52
Q

What are the 2 factors contributing to the Frank-Starling relationship?

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53
Q

What is TnC?

A
53
Q

How does myofibril cross-bridge number effect the Frank-Starling relationship?

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54
Q

How does calcium sensitivity effect the Frank-Starling relationship?

A
55
Q

What is the function of TnC?

A
56
Q

What dictates Ca2+ sensitivity? - affinity of TnC

A
57
Q

What is stroke work?

A
58
Q

What is the equation for stroke work?

A
59
Q

What affects stroke volume? - preload and afterload

A
60
Q

What affects cardiac pressure?

A
61
Q

What is the law of LaPlace?

A
62
Q

Why can the left ventricle generate higher pressure than the right ventricle?

A
63
Q

What is the equation for LaPlace’s law?

A
64
Q

Why do failing hearts often have increased wall stress?

A
65
Q

What are the 4 stages of excitation-contraction coupling?

A
66
Q

Which structures facilitate action potential transmission in excitation-contraction coupling?

A
67
Q

Which 2 structures are the communication interface in excitation-contraction coupling?

A
68
Q

Where is calcium stored in muscle cells?

A
69
Q

Which ion is essential for myofilament contraction?

A
70
Q

When can the preload of heart muscle be measured?

A
71
Q

When can the afterload of heart muscle be measured?

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72
Q

Which 2 factors affect Starling’s law?

A
73
Q

What type of contraction occurs in the myocardium?

A
74
Q

Which 2 structures does the law of LaPlace apply to?

A
75
Q

Why does the heart not rip under high pressures?

A

9. extra c&r (9 decks)

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