Cardiovascular Mechanics Flashcards
Which scan can be used to see heart contractions?
Which ion is needed for heart contraction?
What happens to Ca2+ ion concentration to cause a heart contraction?
What is the length of ventricular cells?
What is the width of ventricular cells?
What are T-tubules?
What is the size of T-tubules?
Where are T-tubules found?
What is the function of T-tubules?
What proportion of cardiac myocytes are mitochondria?
What proportion of cardiac myocytes are myofibrils?
What proportion of cardiac myocytes are sarcoplasmic reticulum?
What proportion of cardiac myocytes are the nucleus?
What is the arrangement of organelles in cardiac myocytes?
What surrounds T-tubules?
What are ryanodine receptors?
What are LTCCs?
What are RYRs?
What are the 8 steps of excitation-contraction coupling?
(32. F, C, A, H, E, B, G, D)
What is excitation-contraction coupling?
How does Ca2+ enter cardiac myocytes?
What is the pathway of Ca2+ in excitation-contraction coupling?
Which 4 transporter proteins are used for Ca2+ in excitation-contraction coupling?
What is the relationship between cytoplasmic Ca2+ conc and contraction force?
(graph) - sigmoidal
How can muscle force be measured?
What is the relationship between cardiac muscle length and contraction force? (graph)
What is muscle active force?
What is muscle passive force?
What is isometric contraction?
Draw the muscle length-contraction force graph for total force
Draw the muscle length-contraction force graph for active force
Draw the muscle length-contraction force graph for passive force
Why does cardiac muscle stretch have a limit? (pericardium)
What is the difference between resistance and compliance of cardiac vs skeletal muscle?
Draw the force graph for skeletal muscle (total, passive, active)
Draw the force graph for cardiac muscle (total, passive, active)
Why are there differences in the properties of cardiac vs skeletal muscle? (2)
What is isometric cardiac contraction?
What is isotonic cardiac contraction?
What is the stretch-force graph for isometric cardiac contraction?
What is a preload vs afterload? (see 18 + 19)
What is the relationship between afterload and cardiac muscle shortening and why?
What is the stretch-force graph for isotonic cardiac contraction?
Which type of load leads to isometric contraction?
Which type of load leads to isotonic contraction?
What determines the heart preload and why? - venous return
What are the 3 measures of preload?
What determines the heart afterload and why?
What is the diastolic blood pressure in humans? - 80
Which condition is very closely related to cardiac complications?
What is the measure of afterload?
What is the Frank-Starling relationship?
Why do ventricles pump a greater stroke volume according to the Frank-Starling relationship?
What are the 2 factors contributing to the Frank-Starling relationship?
What is TnC?
How does myofibril cross-bridge number effect the Frank-Starling relationship?
How does calcium sensitivity effect the Frank-Starling relationship?
What is the function of TnC?
What dictates Ca2+ sensitivity? - affinity of TnC
What is stroke work?
What is the equation for stroke work?
What affects stroke volume? - preload and afterload
What affects cardiac pressure?
What is the law of LaPlace?
Why can the left ventricle generate higher pressure than the right ventricle?
What is the equation for LaPlace’s law?
Why do failing hearts often have increased wall stress?
What are the 4 stages of excitation-contraction coupling?
Which structures facilitate action potential transmission in excitation-contraction coupling?
Which 2 structures are the communication interface in excitation-contraction coupling?
Where is calcium stored in muscle cells?
Which ion is essential for myofilament contraction?
When can the preload of heart muscle be measured?
When can the afterload of heart muscle be measured?
Which 2 factors affect Starling’s law?
What type of contraction occurs in the myocardium?
Which 2 structures does the law of LaPlace apply to?
Why does the heart not rip under high pressures?
