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9. extra c&r > Airways > Flashcards

Airways Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 lobes of the lungs?

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2
Q

How many lobes does the left lung have?

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2
Q

How many lobes does the right lung have?

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3
Q

What are the 4 levels of branches airways in the lungs?

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4
Q

What are the airways in the lungs made of and why?

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5
Q

What is dichotomous branching?

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6
Q

What type of branching occurs in the lung airways?

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7
Q

What are the 3 sections of the bronchi?

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8
Q

Which structures in the lungs perform gas exchange?

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8
Q

What is the alveolar duct?

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9
Q

What is special about the terminal bronchioles?

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10
Q

What is an alveolar sac?

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11
Q

What are the 5 cells found in an alveolar unit?

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12
Q

What are type 1 cells in an alveolar unit?

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13
Q

What are type 2 cells in an alveolar unit?

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14
Q

What is the function of type 1 alveolar cells?

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15
Q

What are the 3 functions of type 2 alveolar cells?

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16
Q

What proportion of the alveolar surface is type 1 cells?

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17
Q

What proportion of the alveolar surface is type 2 cells?

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18
Q

What is the shape of type 1 alveolar cells?

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19
Q

Are type 1 or type 2 alveolar cells found in greater numbers?

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20
Q

How there be more alveolar type 2 cells but they only cover 5% of the alveolar surface?

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21
Q

What is the main function of respiratory airways?

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22
Q

Which 2 gases are transported in respiratory airways?

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23
Q

What is the function of cartilage in airways?

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24
Q

What is the function of smooth muscles in airways?

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25
Q

What is the nasal conchae?

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26
Q

What is the pharynx?

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27
Q

What are the 3 regions of the pharynx?

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28
Q

What is the function of nasal hairs?

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29
Q

What is the function of the nasal conchae?

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30
Q

What are the 8 components of airways?

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31
Q

What are the 4 layers of airways?

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32
Q

What are submucosal glands in airways?

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33
Q

Which cells produce mucus in airways?

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34
Q

What are the 7 categories of airway cells?

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35
Q

What are 5 examples of airway lining cells?

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36
Q

What is the example of airway contractile cells?

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37
Q

What are 3 examples of airway secretory cells?

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38
Q

What are 2 examples of airway connective tissue cells?

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39
Q

What are 4 examples of airway neuroendocrine cells?

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40
Q

What are 4 examples of airway vascular cells?

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41
Q

What are cilia?

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42
Q

What are 6 examples of airway immune cells?

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43
Q

What are goblet cells full of?

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44
Q

Why are there so many mitochondria in ciliated cells?

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45
Q

How are ciliated cells adapted for airways? (2)

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46
Q

How do goblet cells secrete mucus?

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47
Q

What are mucin globules?

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48
Q

By how many times can mucin granules expand for secretion?

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49
Q

What is the function of mucous cells?

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50
Q

What is the function of serous cells?

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51
Q

What do submucosal glands secrete?

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52
Q

What is an acini?

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53
Q

What are the 2 parts of airway submucosal glands?

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54
Q

Where is mucous secreted from in airways?

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55
Q

Where is serous secreted from in airways?

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56
Q

How is mucous moved around the airways?

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57
Q

What are the 4 components of a cilium?

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58
Q

What is the apical hook of a cilium?

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59
Q

What is the axoneme of a cilium?

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60
Q

What are the anchoring proteins of a cilium?

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61
Q

What is the ‘9+2’ structure of cilium?

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62
Q

How many cilia does a ciliated cell have?

A
63
Q

What is the movement of cilia? - beating

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64
Q

Do ciliated cells move?

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65
Q

What are the 5 components of mucous?

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66
Q

What are the 4 functions of airway epithelium?

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67
Q

What is mucociliary clearance?

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68
Q

What are the 7 regulatory/inflammatory mediators produced by airway epithelium?

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69
Q

What are the 3 functions of mucus in airways?

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70
Q

What is brown stain and when is it visible?

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71
Q

Which enzyme produced NO?

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72
Q

How are airway smooth muscles made visible in scans?

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73
Q

What are the 3 functions of airway smooth muscle cells?

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74
Q

What is airway caliber?

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75
Q

What do airway smooth muscle cells secrete? (3)

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76
Q

What may be the benefit of airways being able to contract?

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77
Q

What are the 5 inflammatory mediators secreted by airway smooth muscle cells?

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78
Q

What is the blood supple of airways called?

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79
Q

What proportion of cardiac output is used for tracheo-bronchial circulation?

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80
Q

What is the quantitative blood flow to airway mucosa?

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81
Q

Where do bronchial arteries arise from?

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82
Q

How does blood return from tracheal circulation?

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83
Q

Where does a blood vessel plexus lie in an airway?

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84
Q

What controls airway function? (4)

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85
Q

What are the 7 functions of the tracheo-bronchial circulation?

A
86
Q

Which 4 examples of regulatory/inflammatory mediators control airway function?

A
87
Q

What is an example of proteases controlling airway function?

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88
Q

What are 2 examples of reactive gas species controlling airway function?

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89
Q

How is airway contraction controlled? - nervous

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90
Q

What are the … steps of the nervous system causing airway contraction?

A
91
Q

What are the … steps of the nervous system causing airway relaxation?

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91
Q

Which hormone relaxes airways?

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92
Q

Where is the cervical thoracic ganglion?

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93
Q

What is the function of the cervical thoracic ganglion?

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94
Q

What is different about the control of airway relaxation in humans?

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95
Q

What is the function of nodose the ganglion?

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96
Q

What is the function of the vagus?

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97
Q

Which neurotransmitter is used in airway contraction?

A
97
Q

What is the vagus?

A
98
Q

Which nerves are utilised in airway contraction?

A
98
Q

Which nerves are utilised in airway relaxation?

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99
Q

What are the 3 most common respiratory diseases?

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99
Q

What proportion of the population have asthma?

A
100
Q

What is the 4th cause of death in the UK?

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101
Q

How does CF occur?

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102
Q

What are fibrotic lung disease?

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103
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of respiratory diseases?

A

9. extra c&r (9 decks)

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