Cardiovascular Health - Cardiovascular Markers Flashcards
Q: What is the QRISK score and how is it used?
QRISK is a cardiac risk tool that calculates the risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) within the next ten years based on factors like age, BMI, and smoking. A QRISK score of 10% means a 1 in 10 chance of developing CVD in the next decade.
Q: What is cardiac troponin, and when is it measured?
Cardiac troponin (hs-cTnT and hs-cTnI) are proteins released into the blood when heart muscle is damaged, such as in a myocardial infarction (MI). It is typically measured alongside an ECG.
Q: What are the normal and high-risk levels for a lipid profile?
A:
Normal:
Total cholesterol (TC) < 5 mmol/L
Non-HDL cholesterol < 4 mmol/L
LDL-C < 3 mmol/L
HDL > 1 mmol/L (men), > 1.2 mmol/L (women)
High-risk:
TG > 2.3 mmol/L
TC:HDL > 6
Q: What is Lp-PLA2, and what does it indicate?
Lp-PLA2 is an enzyme produced by monocytes, macrophages, and T-cells. It is upregulated in atherosclerotic plaques and vascular inflammation, and its levels indicate the presence of vascular damage.
Q: What does hsCRP measure, and how is it linked to cardiovascular disease (CVD)?
hsCRP is a marker of inflammation. It inhibits nitric oxide (NO) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (e-NOS), contributing to plaque formation.
Low risk: < 1.0 mg/L
High risk: > 3.0 mg/L
Q: What factors elevate Lp-PLA2 and hsCRP levels?
Factors such as smoking, a westernized diet, a sedentary lifestyle, and periodontal disease can increase Lp-PLA2 and hsCRP levels, raising the risk for CVD.
Q: What is MPO and how is it related to CVD?
MPO (myeloperoxidase) is released by macrophages and measures the body’s response to damaged arterial walls. High MPO levels are associated with inflammation, oxidative stress, and a poor prognosis for CVD.
Low MPO: < 470 pmol/L
High MPO: ≥ 540 pmol/L
Q: What does LDL-P measure and how is it linked to CVD?
LDL-P measures the number of LDL particles and is a stronger predictor of carotid atherosclerosis than LDL-C. It is more closely associated with obesity, diabetes, and insulin resistance.
