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Pharmacology > Cardiovascular Drugs > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

What are the B1 Agonists

A

Dopamine
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Isoproterenol

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2
Q

What are the Cardiac Stimulants

A

B1 Agonists
Phosphodiesterase inhibitors
Glucagon
Calcium salts

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3
Q

What are the positive inotropic drugs

A

Digitalis glycosides

B1 agonists

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4
Q

What are the digitalis glycosides

A

Digitoxin
Digoxin
Ouabain

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5
Q

How is digoxin given

A

Oral

Slow IV in emergency

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6
Q

When is digoxin used

A

CHF

Atrial arrhythmias in dogs

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7
Q

How does Digoxin work

A

Inhibition of Na-K ATPase in myocardial cell

Increases Na exchange with Ca –> increased intracellular calcium

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8
Q

What are the effects of digoxin

A

Decreased sinus rate
Slowing of AV conduction
Prolonged PR intervals
Increased heart efficiency, normalized BP

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9
Q

How is digoxin excreted in dogs and horses

A

Renal

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10
Q

How is digoxin excreted in cats

A

Renal and Hepatic

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11
Q

Adverse effects of digoxin

A

Acute hyperkalemia
Chronic hypokalemia
Arrhythmias

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12
Q

What is an inodilator

A

Positive inotrope and balanced vasodilator

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13
Q

What is the major inodilator

A

Pimobendan

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14
Q

How is Pimobendan given

A

Oral

60% bioavailability

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15
Q

Pimobendan enhances the interaction between ___ and ___ leading to ___

A

Ca and troponin C

Increase in intracellular Ca and myocardial oxygen consumption

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16
Q

Pimobendan inhibits ___ leading to __

A

PDE 3
Balanced vasodilation
Decreased cardiac preload and afterload

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17
Q

What is Pimobendan used for

A

CHF in dogs

Improves life quality and length for DCM and CVD

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18
Q

Adverse affects of Pimobendan

A

Diarrhea, vomiting, inappetence, seizures, PU/PD

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19
Q

Pimobendan is less arrhythmogenic than digitalis T/F

A

True

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20
Q

Do not use Pimobendan w/

A

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Where CO increase is not physically possible

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21
Q

Vasodilators for CHF

A

ACE inhibitors - Enalapril
Hydralazine
Nitrates
Prazosin

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22
Q

Diuretics used in CHF

A

Loop diuretics - furosemide
Thiazide diuretics
Potassium retaining diuretics - spironolactone

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23
Q

Blocking B1 results in

A

Indirect vasodilation

Inhibit renin and angiotensin 2

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24
Q

Main Beta Blocker

A

Carvedilol

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25
Q

What does carvedilol do

A

Non-selective B-blocker and alpha 1 blocker
Antioxidant inhibits endothelin release
Reduces harmful effects of SNS

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26
Q

What is carvedilol primarily used for

A

Early CHF due to dilated cardiomyopathy

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27
Q

Adverse effects of carvedilol

A

Hypotension
Bradycardia
Hyperkalemia

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28
Q

Causes of arrhythmias

A

Imbalances of sympathetic and parasympathetic
Changes in serum K, Ca, Mg
Hypoxemia, acidosis, Trauma, drugs
CHF, cardiac ischemia, infarction

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29
Q

Tachyarrhythmia Class 1 a/b

A

Sodium channel blockers
A - prolongs action potential
B - shortens action potential

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30
Q

Tachyarrhythmia Class 2

A

B-blockers - drug of choice for cats

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31
Q

Tachyarrhythmia Class 3

A

Agents that prolong action potential duration (K blocker)

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32
Q

Tachyarrhythmia Class 4

A

Ca channel blockers

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33
Q

Quinidine - Class and function

A

Class 1 A

Prolonged action potential

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34
Q

Quinidine is used for

A

Ventricular arrhythmias

Atrial fibrilation in horses

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35
Q

Procainamide - class and function

A

Class 1A

Prolonged action potential

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36
Q

Procainamide is used for

A

Ventricular arrhythmias

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37
Q

Lidocaine - Class and function

A

Class 1B

Shortens action potential

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38
Q

Lidocaine is used for

A

Intravenous drug of choice for ventricular arrhythmias due to general anethetics, surgery, ischemia, trauma
Digitalis induced arrhythmias

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39
Q

Phenytoin - Class and function

A

Class 1B

Shortens action potential

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40
Q

Phenytoin is used for

A

Digitalis induced arrhythmias in dogs

41
Q

Propranolol class

A

Class 2 - beta blocker

42
Q

Propranolol is used for

A

paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia
Digitalis induced tachyarrhythmias
Arrhythmias due to inhalation anesthesia

43
Q

Verapamil and Diltiazem Class

A

Class IV - Ca channel blocker

44
Q

Verapamil and Diltiazem are used for

A

Supraventricular tachyarrhythmias

Myocardial hypertrophy

45
Q

Types of Supraventricular Tachyarrhythmias in Dogs

A

Atrial Tachycardia
Atrial flutter
Atrial Fibrillation

46
Q

Drugs used for Atrial Tachycardia

A 
Digoxin
Procainamide
Propranolol
Quinidine
Phenytoin
47
Q

Drugs used for Atrial Flutter

A

Digoxin
Quinidine
Procainamide
Propranolol

48
Q

Drugs used for Atrial Fibrillation

A

Digoxin
Propranolol
Quinidine
Procainamide

49
Q

Ventricular Arrhythmias in Dogs

A

Ventricular Premature Complexes

Ventricular Tachycardia

50
Q

Drugs used for Ventricular Premature Complexes

A 
Quinidine
Procainamide
Lidocaine
Phenytoin
Propranolol
51
Q

Drugs used for Ventricular Tachycardia

A 
Procainamide
Lidocaine
Quinidine
Phenytoin
Propranolol
52
Q

What is the drug of choice for CATS with Supraventricular or Ventricular Tachyarrhythmias

A

Beta Blockers

53
Q

Bradyarrhythmias in Dogs

A

Sinus bradycardia
Second degree AV block
Cardiac Asystole (Cardiac resuscitation)

54
Q

Drugs used for Sinus Bradycardia

A

Atropine

Isoproterenol

55
Q

Drugs used for Second Degree AV Block

A

Atropine (best)
Isoproterenol
Glucagon

56
Q

Drugs used for Cardiac Asystole (cardiac resuscitation)

A

Epinephrine

57
Q

Non-Selective Alpha agonists - Used for and drugs

A

Vasoconstriction - hypotension

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

58
Q

Selective Alpha1 agonists - used for and drugs

A

Vasoconstriction - hypotension

Phenylephrine

59
Q

Direct and Indirect Sympathomimetics - used for and drugs

A

Vasocontriction - hypotension
Epinephrine
Pseudoephedrine
Phyenylpropanolamine

60
Q

Vasodilators are used for

A

Hypertension, CHF, Thrombosus

61
Q

Vasodilation drug types

A 
Sympatholytic drugs
ACE Inhibitors
Angiotensin II antagonists
Direct acting vasodilators
Calcium channel blockers
62
Q

Non-selective Alpha blockers - Class, use and Drugs

A

Sympatholytic Vasodilator
Emergency hypertension, hypertensive crisis
Phentolamine
Phenoxybenzamine

63
Q

Selective Alpha1 Blocker - Class and Drugs

A

Sympatholytic Vasodilator

Prazosin, Terazosin, Doxazosin

64
Q

Presynaptic Alpha2 Agonist - Class and Drugs

A

Sympatholytic Vasodilator

Clonidine

65
Q

Non-Selective Beta Blockers - Class and Drugs

A

Sympatholytic Vasodilator

Propranolol

66
Q

Selective Beta1 Blockers - Class and Drugs

A

Sympatholytic Vasodilator

Atenolol

67
Q

Beta and Alpha Blocker - Class and Drugs

A

Sympatholytic Vasodilator

Carvedilol

68
Q

ACE Inhibitors

A

Captopril, Enalapril, Benazepril, Lisinapril

69
Q

ACE Inhibitors are all given only orally except

A

Enalapril - also given parenterally

70
Q

What do ACE Inhibitors Block

A

Kininase (angiotensin converter)
Angiotensin II synthesis
Aldosterone

71
Q

What do ACE Inhibitors Increase

A

Renin and Bradykinin

72
Q

What are ACE Inhibitors used for

A

CHF, Hypertension, Chronic Renal Insufficiency in Cats

73
Q

Which two ACE Inhibitors are Long Acting

A

Benazepril and Lisinapril

74
Q

Which two ACE Inhibitors are liver activated

A

Enalapril and Benazepril

75
Q

Enalapril has a slower onset and longer duration than ___ in the dog

A

Captopril

76
Q

Captopril absorption is reduced by

A

Food

77
Q

Which ACE Inhibitor has significant excretion in bile (50%)

A

Benazepril

78
Q

Captopril has more GI side effects than ___

A

Enalapril

79
Q

Adverse Effects of ACE Inhibitors

A

Hypotension

Decreased glomerular pressure –> decreased GFR, hypertension, azotemia

80
Q

Captopril may cause what in some dogs

A

Idiosyncratic glomerular disease

81
Q

Angiotensin II Antagonist Drug

A

Losartan

82
Q

Angiotensin II Antagonist used for

A

Antihypertensive

83
Q

Hydralazine is a

A

Direct acting arteriolar vasodilator

84
Q

Hydralazine increases

A

Local concentrations of PGI2

85
Q

Mechanism of Action of Nitrates

A

Formation of NO activating guanylyl cyclase
Increases cyclic GMP
Relaxation of blood vessel smooth muslce

86
Q

Calcium Channel Blockers

A

Diphenyl Alkylamines - Verapamil
Benzodiazepines - Diltiazem
Dihydropyridines - Amlodipine, Nifedipine

87
Q

Ca Channel Blockers Mechanism of Action

A

Inhibit influx of extracellular Ca across myocardial and smooth muscle cell membranes –> inhibits myocardial contraction and dilates arteries

88
Q

Ca Channel Blockers Effects on the Heart

A

Negative inotropic/chronotropic effect
Increase O2 delivery to myocardial tissue
Decrease afterload
Coronary vasodilation

89
Q

Ca Channel Blockers Effects on the Blood Vessels

A

Decrease peripheral resistance

Decrease Systemic BP

90
Q

Antiarrhythmic Class IV - Drugs and Use

A

Verapamil and Diltiazem

Supraventricular Tachyarrhythmias

91
Q

Antihypertensive Drugs and Use

A

Amlopdipine

First line antihypertensive in cats unless caused by hyperthyroidism

92
Q

If Hypertension in cats is caused by hyperthyroidism which drug should be used

A

Beta Blocker

93
Q

Myocardial Hypertrophy - Drug and species

A

Diltiazem

Cats - first choice

94
Q

Adverse Effects of Ca Channel Blockers

A

Bradycardia and AV Block
Hypotension
GI Side Effects
Elevated liver enzymes

95
Q

Antihypertensive Drugs - Diuretics

A

Hydrochlorothiazide

Furosemide

96
Q

Antihypertensive Drugs - Beta Blockers

A

Propranolol

Atenolol

97
Q

Antihypertensive Drugs - Vasodilators

A

ACE Inhibitors
Angiotensin II Antagonists
Hydralazine
Alpha blockers

98
Q

Drugs for Emergency Hypertension (hypertensive Crisis)

A 
Hydralazine
Propranolol, Acepromazine IV
Phentolamine
Oral Calcium channel blockers
Prazosin
ACE Inhibitors

Pharmacology (5 decks)

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