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Pharmacology > Cardiovascular Drugs > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

Two (2) Primary functions of Circulatory System

A
  1. Delivery of oxygen, nutrients, hormones, electrolytes, and other essentials to cells
  2. Removal of carbon dioxide and metabolic waste from cells. In addition, the system helps fight infection
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2
Q

Hypertension

A

Defined as a persistent systolic pressure of greater than 140 mmHg and/or a diastolic pressure of grater than 90mmHg

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3
Q

Blood Pressure

A

Determined by the product of cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance

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4
Q

Cardiac Output

A

Amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle and measured in Lpm

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5
Q

SVR

A

Resistance to blood flow that is determined by the diameter of the blood vessels and vascular musculature

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6
Q

Anti-Hypertensives

A
  1. Diuretics
  2. Adrenergic Drugs
  3. Direct Vasodilators
  4. ACE Inhibitors
  5. Calcium Channel Blockers
  6. Direct Renin Inhibitors
  7. Angiotensin Receptor Blockers
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7
Q

Angina Types

A
  1. CHRONIC STABLE ANGINA
    -intense but subsides within 15 minutes of rest or medication and caused mainly by atherosclerosis and can be triggered by exertion or stress (cold, emotions) and exacerbated by smoking, alcohol, coffee and some drugs.
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8
Q

Angina Types

A
  1. UNSTABLE ANGINA
    -early stage of progressive artery disease characterized by pain increasing in severity and frequency and may even occur at rest
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9
Q

Angina Type

A
  1. VASOSPASTIC AGINA
    -from spasms of the smooth muscle that surrounds the coronary arteries and occurs at rest without any triggers but usually occurring at the same time of day
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10
Q

Anti-Anginal Drugs

A

With the overall goal of increasing blood flow to the myocardium, decreasing oxygen demand
1. Minimize frequency of attacks and decrease intensity of pain
2. Improve functional capacity with few adverse effects
3. Prevent or delay the worst possible outcome, MI

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11
Q

Anti-Anginal Drugs

A
  1. Nitrates and Nitrites
  2. Beta Blockers
  3. Calcium Channel Blockers
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12
Q

Heart Failure

A

Pathologic state in which the heart is unable to pump in sufficient amounts from the ventricles to meet metabolic needs

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13
Q

Right-Sided Heart Failure

A

“AW HEAD”
A- Anorexia & Nausea
W- Weight Gain
H- Hepatomegaly
E- Edema (Bipedal)
A- Ascites
D- Distended Neck Vein

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14
Q

Left-Sided Heart Failure

A

“DO CHAP”
D- Dyspnea
O- Orthopnea
C- Cough
H- Hemoptysis
A- Adventitious Breath Sounds
P- Pulmonary Congestion

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15
Q

Heart Failure Drugs: Initiation

A

ACEI- potent vasoconstrictor and can prevent Na and water resorption causing diuresis
ARB- potent and vasodilator systemic vascular resistance
BB- reduce/block SNS stimulation with cardioprotective quality

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16
Q

LIDOCAINE

A
  1. Plain lidocaine solution is used to treat cardiac conditions
  2. Lidocaine used as a topic anesthetic is with added epinephrine to control bleeding in the area. Never used intravenously.
17
Q

HEMOSTASIS

A

Any process that stops bleeding. It is done through:
1. Mechanical (compression)
2. Surgical (cautery, clamps)
3. Physiologic clotting
Once a clot is formed and fibrin is present, Fibrinolysis (reverse clotting process) is initiated

18
Q

COAGULATION MODIFIERS

A
  1. Anti-coagulants- inhibit the action or formation of clotting factors and prevents clots from forming
  2. Antiplatelet- prevent platelet plugs from forming by inhibiting platelet aggregation
  3. Hemorheologic- after platelet function without preventing the platelets from working
  4. Thrombolytic- breaks down clots and thrombi that have already formed
  5. Anti-fibrinolytic- hemostatic drugs, promote blood coagulation
19
Q

Determinants of Cardiac Output

A
  1. HEART RATE
    -controlled by the ANS
  2. STROKE VOLUME
    -determined by
    a. Myocardial contractility (forced with which the ventricles contract)
    b. Cardiac afterload
    c. Cardiac preload
20
Q

Determinants of Cardiac Output

A
  1. PRELOAD
    -amount of tension (stretch) applied to a muscle before contraction = force of venous return
  2. AFTERLOAD
    -load against which a muscle exerts its force = arterial pressure that the left ventricle overcomes to eject blood

Pharmacology (6 decks)

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