Antibiotic Drugs

Question 1

Five (5) Mechanisms of Antibacterial Action

Answer 1

1. Inhibition of bacterial cell-wall synthesis
2. Alteration of membrane permeability
3. Inhibition of protein synthesis
4. Inhibition of the synthesis of bacterial RNA and RNA
5. Interference with metabolism within the cell

Question 2

Antiseptics vs. Disinfectants

Answer 2

ANTISEPTICS:
Where used- Living tissue
Potency- Lower
Activity against organisms- Primarily inhibits growth (bacteriostatic)

DISINFECTANTS:
Where used- Nonliving objects
Potency- Higher
Activity against organisms- Kills (Bactericidal)

Question 3

Resistance to Antibacterial Drugs

Answer 3

1.When bacteria is sensitive to the drug
= the pathogen can be inhibited or destroyed
2.When bacteria is resistant to the drug
= the pathogen will continue to grow despite administration

Question 4

Types of Resistance

Answer 4

1. Inherent- occurs without previous exposure to the drug
2. Acquired- caused by prior exposure to the antibacterial

Question 5

Empiric Therapy

Answer 5

When a drug selected is known to be the best drug that can kill the MO

Question 6

Superinfection

Answer 6

Occurs when the antibiotics reduce or completely eliminate the normal bacterial flora

Question 7

Definitive Therapy

Answer 7

Once the MO is identified in the lab, the antibiotic therapy is tailored by using the most narrow-spectrum, least toxic drug based on C&S results

Question 8

Subtherapeutic

Answer 8

When signs and symptoms do not improve

Question 9

It is equal to the sum of the effects of two antibiotics

Answer 9

Additive Effect

Question 10

It occurs when one antibiotic increases the effectiveness of the 2nd drug

Answer 10

Potentiative Effect

Question 11

When two drugs are used together, the desired effect mat be greatly reduced

Answer 11

Antagonistic Effect

Question 12

Narrow and Broad Spectrum

Answer 12

NARROW SPRECTRUM
-Primarily effective against one type of organism (selective)
BROAD SPECTRUM
-Effective against gram-positive and gram-negative organisms

Question 13

Antibiotics Affecting the Bacterial Cell Wall

Answer 13

1. Penicillin
2. Cephalosporins
3. Other Inhibitors

Question 14

Antibiotics Affecting Protein Synthesis

Answer 14

1. Tetracyclines
2. Macrolides
3. Aminoglycosides

Question 15

Urinary Tract Infections

Answer 15

1. Sulfonamides
2. Trimethoprim
3. Fluoroquinolones
4. Antiseptics

Question 16

RIPES

Answer 16

R- Rifampicin
I- Isoniazid
P- Pyrazinamide
E- Ethambutol
S- Streptomycin

Question 17

MDR-TB Medications

Answer 17

1. Kanamycin
2. Levofloxacin
3. Prothionamide
   4.. Cycloserine

Question 18

Malaria and Antimalarial Drugs

Answer 18

MALARIA
-Most significant protozoal disease due to high morbidity and mortality

ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS:
(For Uncomplicated Infection)
1. Artemeter-Lumifantrine (AL)
2. Primaquine
(For Severe Malaria)
1. Artesunate IV
2. Primaquine
3. Quinine

Question 19

Helminths and Anti-Helminthic Drugs

Answer 19

HELMINTHS
-Large and complex multicellular structures

ANTI-HELMINTHIC DRUGS
1. Albendazole
2. Praziquantel
3. Thiabendazole
4. Ivermectin
5. Pyrantel

Question 20

Goals of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART)

Answer 20

1. Decrease viral load to undetectable levels
2. Preserve and increase number of CD4+ T cells
3. Prevent resistance
4. Have client in good clinical condition
5. Prevent secondary infections and cancers