Cardiovascular disease

Question 1

Common vascular changes with aging?

Answer 1

decreased arterial compliance
increased collagen
up-regulation of elastase
reduced NO
Increased velocity of flow through aorta/central art.
Increased cardiac afterload 
Myocardial ischemia

Question 2

Chronic venous insufficiency findings

Answer 2

impaired ability for blood to return to heart (clots)
Lose pre-load
Edema

Question 3

Peripheral arterial disease findings

Answer 3

intermittent claudication (predictable, reproduced, doesn't change) 
pallor on elevation (limb drains of blood when elevated)
dependent rubor (blood pooling in max dilated bed)

Question 4

Patient has trophic changes, distal pulse impaired, and delayed refill in LE

Answer 4

PAD

check with ABI and walking test

Question 5

Normal ABI levels and abnormal

Answer 5

normal- 1

Question 6

Arterial vs. Neurogenic pain

Answer 6

arterial increases with workload
neurogenic is affected by posture, not workload
Edema is with CVI not arterial
Arterial has Intermittent claudication (cramping, better with rest, not burning)

Question 7

Venous ulcer signs

Answer 7

maleolar
browning
pitting edema
varicose veins

Question 8

Arterial ulcer signs

Answer 8

Distal dorsal (toes)
painful
loss of hair, nail dystrophy

Question 9

Neuropathic ulcer signs

Answer 9

bottom of foot

diabetic

Question 10

Stable angina signs

Answer 10

gradual discomfort
predictable
subsides with rest

Question 11

Unstable angina signs

Answer 11

recent or acceleration

may not respond to rest

Question 12

Canadian rules of chest pain

Answer 12

men >65, women >55
patient believes it's cardiac
not elicited with palpation 
worse with exercise 
known vascular disease