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Phase 2a > Cardiovascular Conditions > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Conditions Flashcards

1
Q

Hypertension: Causes

A

Usually no cause

5% caused by renal disease, obesity, pregnancy, endocrine, drugs
(ROPED)

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2
Q

Hypertension: Diagnostic Criteria

A
  • BP >140/90 in clinic
  • BP >135/85 at home
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3
Q

Hypertension: Risk Factors (6)

A
  • Alcohol
  • Sedentary lifestyle
  • DM
  • Age
  • Family history
  • Ethnicity (afro-caribbean)
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4
Q

Hypertension: Investigations (2)

A
  • Take BP in clinic but only home BP is diagnostic
  • Rule out renal failure (dipstick), cardio complications (ECG), hypertensive retinopathy, DM
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5
Q

Hypertension: Treatment (3)

A
  • When they have T2DM - give ACEi, may need CCB (calcium channel blocker), may still need thiazide-like diuretic
  • When they don’t have DM and are <55 do same as above
  • When they don’t have DM and are >55 or Afro-caribbean first give CCB then ACEi if needed then add thiazide-like diuretic
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6
Q

Ischaemic Heart Disease: Pathology

A

Atherosclerosis → endothelial dysfunction and injury causes lipid accumulation → local cellular proliferation → mural thrombi (plaque)

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7
Q

Ischaemic Heart Disease: Risk Factors (6)

A
  • Family history
  • Age
  • Ethnicity (S. Asian)
  • Smoking
  • Alcohol
  • Sedentary lifestyle
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8
Q

Ischaemic Heart Disease: Presentation

A

Presents with angina - pain in chest, neck, shoulders, jaws or arms. Starts with physical exertion. Relieved by rest

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9
Q

Ischaemic Heart Disease: Investigations (4)

A
  • CT coronary angiography!
  • Lipid profile - high LDL
  • FBC - to exclude anaemia
  • HbA1c - to exclude DM
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10
Q

Ischaemic Heart Disease: Treatment (3)

A
  • Antiplatelet - aspirin/clopidogrel
  • Lipid lowering - Statins
  • Beta blockers for angina
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11
Q

Acute Coronary Syndrome: Description

A

Thrombus from an atherosclerotic plaque blocking a coronary artery

Causes Unstable Angina (ischaemia), STEMI (complete occlusion), NSTEMI (partial occlusion)

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12
Q

Acute Coronary Syndrome: Presentation

A
  • Chest pain radiating to jaw/arms
  • Sweating
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13
Q

Acute Coronary Syndrome: Investigations (4)

A
  • If ECG shows ST elevation = STEMI
  • If ECG shows ST depression, deep T wave inversion look at troponins
  • If troponins normal = unstable angina
  • If troponins are abnormal = NSTEMI
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14
Q

Acute Coronary Syndrome: Immediate Management

A

MONAC

Morphine

Oxygen (if sats ,92%)

Nitrate

Aspirin

Clopidogrel

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15
Q

Acute Coronary Syndrome: STEMI management (2)

A
  • Give PCI (Percutaneous coronary intervention - minimally invasive procedure) **within 2 hours
  • If PCI not possible give fibrinolysis (clot buster)
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16
Q

Acute Coronary Syndrome: NSTEMI/Unstable angina management (3)

A
  • Use GRACE score to predict risk
  • Low risk - aspirin
  • Medium/High risk - angiography + PCI
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17
Q

Acute Coronary Syndrome: Secondary Prevention (4)

A

Give ACE inhibitors

Clopidogrel

Aspirin

Beta blocker

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18
Q

Angina: Definition

A

Chest pain/discomfort arising from the heart as a result of myocardial ischaemia

Can be stable - induced by effort and relieved by rest

Or unstable - increases in severity, occurs at rest or is of recent onset

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19
Q

Angina: Symptoms (4)

A
  • Central crushing retrosternal chest pain that radiates to arms, jaw and neck
  • Dyspnoea
  • Palpitations
  • Syncope
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20
Q

Angina: Differential Diagnosis (3)

A
  • Pericarditis/Mycocarditis
  • Pulmonary Embolism
  • Chest Infection
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21
Q

Angina: Investigations (3)

A
  • ECG - usually normal, may show ST depression and T wave inversion
  • CT angiography - narrow coronary artery
  • Bloods - check FBC (anaemia), cardiac enzymes, glucose, lipid profile
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22
Q

Angina: Treatment (5)

A
  • Lifestyle changes
  • Glyceryl Trinitrate (GTN) spray - 1st line (dilates coronary arteries)
  • Beta blockers - reduce HR and force of contraction
  • Amlodipine - Ca2+ channel blocker
  • Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG)
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23
Q

Heart Failure: Definition

A
  • A clinical syndrome rather than one specific disease
  • Symptomatic condition of breathlessness, fluid retention and fatigue associated with cardiac abnormalities that reduce cardiac output
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24
Q

Heart Failure: Epidemiology

A

Incidence of 10% in patients over 65

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25
Q

Heart Failure: Causes (5)

A
  • IHD
  • Hypertension
  • Cardiomyopathy
  • VHD
  • CHD
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26
Q

Heart Failure: Risk Factors (3)

A
  • Age - over 65
  • Obesity
  • Male
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27
Q

Heart Failure: Types

A
  • Systolic - failure to contract, ejection fraction <40%
  • Diastolic - inability to relax and fill, ejection fraction >50%
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28
Q

Heart Failure: Pathology (compensatory changes)

A

Compensatory changes - sympathetic stimulation (increases HR), increased RAAS (due to fall in CO, leads to increased water retention and oedema), cardiac changes (ventricular dilation and myocyte hypertrophy)

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29
Q

Heart Failure: Left HF (definition and symptoms)

A
  • Reduced ejection fraction (systolic)
  • Symptoms - pulmonary oedema, tachycardia, pleural effusion
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30
Q

Heart Failure: Right HF (definition and symptoms)

A
  • Can be caused by left ventricular failure
  • Symptoms - pitting oedema, ascites, weight gain (fluids)
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31
Q

Heart Failure: Investigations (3)

A
  • ECG - may show underlying causes
  • Bloods - Brain Natriuretic Peptide (released by ventricles with mycocardial wall stress)
  • Cardiac enzymes - creatinine kinase, Troponin I, Troponin T, Myoglobulin
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32
Q

Heart Failure: Treatment (6)

A
  • Lifestyle changes
  • ACE inhibitors - dilates blood vessels
  • Beta blockers
  • Diuretics
  • Heart transplant
  • Oxygen (acute)
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33
Q

ECGs: Conduction Pathway

A

SA node → AV node → Bundle of His → Left and right Bundle Branches → Purkinje fibres

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34
Q

ECGs: Letters explained

A
  • P wave - atrial depolarisation
  • PR interval - atrial depolarisation and delay in AV junction
  • QRS complex - ventricular depolarisation and atrial repolarisation
  • T wave - ventricular repolarisation
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35
Q

ECGs: 12 Lead Placements

A

R - right arm

L - left arm

F - left leg

N - right leg

V1 - fourth intercostal space to the right of the sternum

V2 - fourth intercostal space to the left of the sternum

V3 - between V2 and V4

V4 - fifth intercostal space midclavicular line

V5 - level with V4 at left anterior axillary line

V6 - level with V5 at midaxillary line

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36
Q

ECGs: Limb Leads

A

I: -RA +LA

II: -RA +LL

III: -LA +LL

aVR: +RA

aVL: +LA

aVF: +LF

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37
Q

ECGs: 10 Rules of ECGs

A
  1. PR = 120-200s (3-5 small squares)
  2. QRS not wider than 110ms (3 little squares)
  3. QRS upright in leads I and II
  4. QRS and T waves have same direction in the limb leads (I, II and III)
  5. All waves negative in aVR lead
  6. R wave increases in size from V1-V4, S wave grows from V1 to V3 and is absent in V6
  7. ST segment is isoelectric in all leads except V1 and V2 where it may be slightly raised
  8. P waves upright in I and II and V2-V6
  9. There should be no Q waves larger than o.o4s in I, II, V2-V6
  10. T wave upright in I, II, V2-V6
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38
Q

Arrhythmias: Sinus Tachycardia (HR and treatment)

A

> 100 BPM
Treat with beta blockers (bisoprolol)

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39
Q

Arrhythmias: Atrial Flutter (HR, treatment)

A

Atrial HR = 300, ventricular rate = 150
Give beta blockers and amiodarone

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40
Q

Arrhythmias: AV Nodal Re-entry Tachycardia (definition, investigation, treatment)

A

impulse produces a circuit movement tachycardia in AV node.
ECG shows P waves not visible and QRS normal
Vagal manoeuvres or IV adenosine

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41
Q

Arrhythmias: AV Reciprocating Tachycardia (definition, treatment)

A

Circuit involving atria and ventricles.
Vagal manoeuvres or IV adenosine

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42
Q

Arrhythmias: Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome (definition, investigation)

A

AVRT with extra bundle between atria and ventricles.
ECG shortened PR interval, slurred start and narrow QRS

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43
Q

Arrhythmias: Atrial Fibrillation (definition, causes, symptoms)

A
  • Atrial rhythm 300-600BPM, HR 120-180. Most common arrhythmia. Irregular ventricular response to atrial impulses
  • HF, hypertension, CAD, RHD, VHD
  • Asymptomatic, palpitations, dyspnoea, chest pain
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44
Q

Arrhythmias: Atrial Fibrillation (investigation, treatment (3))

A
  • ECG: irregularly irregular, F waves, no clear P waves, rapid and irregular QRS complex
  • Bisoprolol, verapamil (calcium channel blockers), amiodarone, NO ASPIRIN
45
Q

Arrhythmias: Atrial Fibrillation (CHADS2VASc Score)

A

Calculates stroke risk
- Congestive heart failure (1)
- Hypertension (1)
- Age ≥ 75 (2)
- Age 65-74 (1)
- DM (1)
- Stroke (2)
- Vascular disease (1)
- Female (1)

Score ≥ 2 give oral anticoagulation (warfarin)

46
Q

Arrhythmias: Bradycardia (HR, causes)

A

<60 BPM
Intrinsic:
- Acute ischaemia, infarction of SAN, sick sinus syndrome
- Treat with atropine and pacemaker
Extrinsic:
- Drugs, hypothyroidism, hypothermia
- Treat underlying cause

47
Q

Heart Block: First Degree (description, ECG, causes, symptoms)

A
  • Delayed AV conduction
  • Long PR interval (>0.22s)
  • Causes: LEV’s disease, IHD, myocarditis, hypokalaemia
  • Asymptomatic and no treatment
48
Q

Heart Block: Second Degree (description, types)

A
  • Some atrial impulses fail to reach ventricles
  • Mobitz type 1 (AV node block) and 2 (Intra-nodal block)
49
Q

Heart Block: Third Degree (description, causes, symptoms, ECG)

A
  • Complete dissociation between atrial and ventricular activity
  • Causes: CHD, infection, hypertension
  • Symptoms: syncope, dyspnoea, chest pain, confusion
  • ECG: P waves and QRS complexes independent
50
Q

Heart Block: BBB (description, causes, L and R ECG, treatment)

A
  • Complete block of a bundle branch
  • Causes: actue (MI, myocarditis), chronic (hypertensive heart disease, cardiomyopathies)
  • Right: R wave in V1 and V6
  • Left: Slurred S wave in V1 and R wave in V5/6
  • Treatment: pacemaker
51
Q

Aortic Aneurysm: Definition

A

Weakening of vessel wall followed by dilation due to increased wall stress

52
Q

Aortic Aneurysm: Risk Factors (6)

A
  • Smoking!
  • Family history
  • Ehlers-Danlos
  • Age
  • Atherosclerosis
  • Male
53
Q

Aortic Aneurysm: AAA pathology, symptoms, investigations

A
  • Degeneration of smooth muscle layer → loss of structural integrity of aortic wall → widening of vessel → mechanical stress → dilation and potential rupture
  • May disrupt laminar blood flow and cause thrombi
  • 85% occur below renal artery
  • Usually asymptomatic unless it ruptures
  • Diagnosis by ultrasonography
54
Q

Aortic Aneurysm: Management (3)

A
  • Presenting with rupture = urgent repair
  • Symptomatic = repair regardless of diameter
  • Asymptomatic = surveillance, repair in diameter >5.5cm (5cm of women)
55
Q

Aortic Aneurysm: Ruptured AAA Symptoms (5)

A

Severe, tearing abdominal pain radiating to back, flank, groin.

Painful pulsatile mass

Hypovolemic shock

Syncope

Nausea/ Vomiting

56
Q

Aortic Dissection: Description

A

A tear in the intimal layer of the aorta which leads to a collection of blood between the intima and medial layers

57
Q

Aortic Dissection: Epidemiology

A
  • Most common in men 40-60
  • 65% are in ascending aorta
58
Q

Aortic Dissection: Pathology

A

Tear in intimal layer → blood through media propagating distally or proximally → false lumen → can occlude flow through branches → ischaemia of supplied regions

59
Q

Aortic Dissection: Symptoms (4)

A
  • Severe tearing pain in chest radiating to back
  • Hypotension
  • Asymmetrical blood pressure
  • Syncope
60
Q

Aortic Dissection: Diagnosis (3)

A
  • ECG
  • Chest X-ray
  • CT scanning
61
Q

Aortic Dissection: Treatment (5)

A
  • Beta blockers
  • Opiods for pain control
  • Surgery
  • Antihypertensives to prevent relapse
62
Q

Peripheral Vascular Disease: Pathology

A
  • Atherosclerosis leads to claudication of vessels
  • Similar to ischaemic heart dissease but not in heart, commonly legs
63
Q

Peripheral Vascular Disease: Risk Factors (4)

A
  • Smoking
  • Diabetes
  • Sedentary lifestyle
  • Age >40
64
Q

Peripheral Vascular Disease: Symptoms (3)

A
  • Intermittent claudication - pain in lower limbs on exercise, relieved on rest
  • When severe, unremitting pain
  • Leg may be pale, cold, loss of hair, skin changes, weak pulse
65
Q

Peripheral Vascular Disease: Investigation

A

Ankle Brachial Pressure Index (ABPI) - <0.90

66
Q

Peripheral Vascular Disease: Treatment (4)

A
  • Stop smoking!
  • Regularly exercise
  • Statins
  • Dual Antiplatelet Therapy - Aspirin and Clopidogrel
67
Q

Peripheral Vascular Disease: Critical Leg Ischaemia (symptoms and treatment)

A
  • 6 ps - pain, pallor, poikilothermia (temp issues), pulselessness, paresthesia (burning sensation), and paralysis
  • Treat with revascularisation or amputation
68
Q

Valve Defects: Mitral Stenosis (description, cause, epidemiology, symptoms)

A
  • Mitral valve narrowing between left atria and ventricle
  • Caused by rheumatic heart disease
  • Rare in the UK
  • Symptoms - atrial fibrillation, mid diastolic low rumbling murmur
69
Q

Valve Defects: Mitral Stenosis (pathology)

A

Blood can’t flow effectively form left atrium to left ventricle → blood builds up in left atrium → left atrium gets hypertrophy → left atrium gets bigger meaning blood backflows into lungs → shortness of breath, pulmonary oedema → pulmonary hypertension → right heart failure

70
Q

Valve Defects: Aortic Regurgitation (Causes, pathology, symptoms)

A
  • Causes - Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome, Marfans syndrome (connective tissue diseases)
  • Left ventricle contracts → blood enters aorta → during diastole aortic valve doesn’t close properly → blood goes back into left ventricle
  • Symptoms - early diastolic soft rumbling murmur, collapsing pulse (Corrigan’s pulse)
71
Q

Valve Defects: Mitral Regurgitation (pathology, causes, symptoms)

A
  • Valve is weak → left ventricle contracts and some blood leaks back to left atria → congestive heart failure
  • Causes - IHD, rheumatic heart disease (damage)
  • Symptoms - pan systolic high pitched whistling murmur
72
Q

Valve Defects: Aortic stenosis (epidemiology, pathology, symptoms)

A
  • Most common valve defect
  • Valve gets calcified as you get older → blood can’t easily get from left ventricle to aorta → left ventricle hypertrophies → blood build up and heart failure
  • Symptoms - exertional syncope (light headed on exertion), slow rising pulse, ejection systolic high pitched crescendo-decrescendo murmur
73
Q

Pericarditis: Pericardium physiology

A
  • Fibrous, fluid-filled sack that surrounds the muscular body of the heart made of external fibrous layer and internal serous layer with pericardial cavity between with 50mL lubricating serous fluid
  • Keeps heart in place, prevents heart overfilling, reduces friction, protects from infection
74
Q

Pericarditis: Pathology

A

Pericardium becomes inflamed → fibrinous reaction → adhesions within pericardial sac → haemorrhagic effusion may develop

75
Q

Pericarditis: Causes (4)

A
  • Infection (HIV, TB, fungal)
  • MI
  • Autoimmune
  • Dressler Syndrome
76
Q

Pericarditis: Symptoms (4)

A
  • Central severe sharp chest pain - may radiate, relieved by sitting forward
  • Dyspnoea
  • Hiccups
  • Fever
77
Q

Pericarditis: Investigations (3)

A
  • ECG - concave ST, PR depression
  • Bloods - cardiac enzymes, ESR, C-reactive protein, FBC
  • Echocardiogram
78
Q

Pericarditis: Treatment (2)

A
  • NSAIDS
  • Colchicine - inhibits migrations of neutrophils to site of inflammation
79
Q

Pericarditis: Complications (3)

A
  • Pericardial effusion - fluid in pericardial sac
  • Cardiac tamponade - pericardial effusion restricting diastolic ventricular filing
  • Chronic constrictive pericarditis - persistent inflammation
80
Q

Endocarditis: Causes (2)

A
  • Mostly Staph Aureus (surgery, diabetes, IV)
  • Streptococcus viridans (dental)
81
Q

Endocarditis: Symptoms

A

FROM JANE

Fever

Roth’s spots - retinal haemorrhages

Osler’s nodes - painful spots on hand

Murmur

Janeway lesion - painless spots

Anaemia

Nail-bed splinter haemorrhages

Emboli

82
Q

Endocarditis: Investigations (4)

A
  • Transoesophageal Echo (TOE) - diagnostic
  • ECG
  • Chest X-ray (CXR)
  • Blood cultures
83
Q

Endocarditis: Treatment

A

Antimicrobials - penicillin (benzylpenicillin or gentamycin) for staphylococcus, vancomycin or rifampicin if not

84
Q

Shock: Cardiogenic (causes, pathology, symptoms, treatment)

A
  • Causes by heart failure (MI, cardiac arrest)
  • Pathology - decreased cardiac output (heart isn’t pumping hard enough) reduces mean arterial pressure
  • Symptoms - tachycardia (pumping faster to compensate low cardiac output), tachypnoea (high resp rate), reduced urine output, reduced BP (less fluid volume)
  • Treatment - Resuscitation
85
Q

Shock: Hypovoleamic (description, pathology, symptoms, treatment)

A
  • Low fluid volume because of haemorrhage or dehydration
  • Pathology - reduced mean arterial pressure results in reduced cardiac output
  • Symptoms - tachypnoea, weak rapid pulse, high capillary refill time
  • Treatment - resuscitation, give fluids, give vasodilator
86
Q

Shock: Septic (description, symptoms, treatment)

A
  • Toxins in blood usually due to bacterial infection
  • Symptoms - presents in many ways, tachycardia, D+V, confused, low sats and urine output
  • Treatment - broad spectrum antibiotics (treat infection), treat other symptoms (fluids, oxygen)
87
Q

Shock: Sepetic (pathology)

A

Pathology - endotoxins directly damage endothelial cells → NO release → mast cells release histamine → macrophages and neutrophils release pro-inflammatory cytokines → increased vascular permeability → release of tissue factor → clotting

88
Q

Shock: Anaphylactic (description, pathology, symptoms, treatment)

A
  • Severe allergic reaction
  • Pathology - histamine release → vasodilation → hypoxia
  • Symptoms - tongue swelling, puffy face, breathing difficulties, rashes, itchy
  • Treatment - resuscitation, adrenaline
89
Q

Cardiomyopathy: Risk Factors (5)

A
  • Family history
  • Hypertension
  • Obesity
  • Diabetes
  • Previous MI
90
Q

Cardiomyopathy: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (epidemiology, cause, pathology)

A
  • Most common cause of sudden death in young adults
  • Caused by autosomal dominant mutation
  • LV becomes hypertrophied → hypertrophy is asymmetrical blocking LV outflow tract during systoles
91
Q

Cardiomyopathy: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Investigations (3)

A
  • Microscopic - myocyte and myofibrils in disarray
  • ECG - Abnormal, deep T wave inversion
  • Echocardiogram
92
Q

Cardiomyopathy: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Treatment (4)

A
  • Amiodarone
  • Calcium channel blocker (amlodipine)
  • Beta blocker (atenolol)
  • Surgery
93
Q

Cardiomyopathy: Dilated Cardiomyopathy (epidemiology, pathology, investigations, treatment)

A
  • Most common
  • Walls normal or thin → weak contraction → less pumped out → biventricular congestive HF
  • Investigations - CXR shows large heart, ECH, Echo
  • Treatment - treat symptoms (HF and AF)
94
Q

Cardiomyopathy: Description

A

A disease of the heart muscle that makes it harder for the heart to pump blood to the rest of the body.

95
Q

Cardiomyopathy: Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy (causes, symptom, investigations, treatment)

A
  • Caused by desmosome gene mutations
  • Main symptom is arrhythmia

Investigations

  • Histologically
  • ECG - T wave inversion and epsilon wave in leads V1, 2 and 3
  • Genetic testing

Treatment

  • Beta blockers (bisoprolol)
  • Amiodarone for arrhythmia
96
Q

Cardiomyopathy: Restrictive Cardiomyopathy (pathology, causes, investigations, treatment)

A
  • Ventricles stiffer → less CO → HF
  • Caused by amyloidosis, sarcoidosis or idiopathic (spontaneous)
  • Investigations - CXR, ECG (low amplitude signals, small QRS), Echo
  • Treatment - treat underlying cause, heart transplant
97
Q

Rheumatic fever: Definition

A

Systemic infection common in developing countries from a Lancefield group A B-haemolytic streptococci

98
Q

Rheumatic fever: Pathology

A

An antibody from the cell wall cross-reacts with valve tissue which can cause permanent damage to the heart valves

99
Q

Rheumatic Fever: Symptoms (4)

A
  • Fever
  • Tachycardia
  • Arthritis
  • Chest pain
100
Q

Rheumatic Fever: Investigations (major 4, minor 3)

A
  • Major
    • Carditis - tachycardia, murmurs, pericardial rub
    • Arthritis
    • Erythema marginatum - rash with raised edges and clear centre
    • Sydenham’s chorea - involuntary, semi-purposeful movements
  • Minor
    • Fever
    • Arthralgia - joint stiffness
    • Prolonged PR interval
101
Q

Rheumatic Fever: Treatment (3)

A
  • Rest
  • Analgesia
  • Benzylpenicillin IV
102
Q

Structural Heart Defects: Bicuspid Aortic Valve Defect (epidemiology, pathology, investigations, treatment)

A
  • Affects 1-2%
  • Aortic valve only has 2 cusps → aortic stenosis and aortic regurgitation
  • Investigations - Ech, ECG
  • Management - surgical valve replacement
103
Q

Structural Heart Defects: Atrial Septal Defect (description, symptoms, investigations, treatment)

A
  • Holes in the septum dividing left and right atria
  • Mostly asymptomatic, ejection systolic murmur
  • Investigations - echocardiogram, ECG
  • Treatment - most close by themselves before 10 years old
104
Q

Structural Heart Defects: Atrio-Ventricular Septal Defect (epidemiology, description, treatment)

A
  • Very rare
  • Hole in the middle of heart involving ventricular and atrial septum
  • Treatment - pulmonary artery banding in large defect reducing flow to lungs. Partial defect left alone
105
Q

Structural Heart Defects: Ventricular Septal Defect (description, symptoms, investigations, treatment)

A
  • Holes in the septum dividing left and right ventricles
  • Asymptomatic if small, large shows exercise intolerance, poor weight gain harsh systolic murmur
  • Investigations - Echocardiogram, ECG
  • Treatment - Do nothing if small, if large consider surgical repair
106
Q

Structural Heart Defects: Tetralogy of Fallot (description, investigation, treatment)

A
  • 4 issues - large ventricular septal defect, overriding aorta, right ventricle outflow obstruction, right ventricle hypertrophy
  • Investigations - echocardiogram
  • Treatment - surgical repair
107
Q

Structural Heart Defects: Patent Ductus Arteriosus (description, investigations, treatment)

A
  • Connection from pulmonary artery to aorta shunts blood from pulmonary artery to aorta in utero. Sometimes doesn’t close
  • Investigations - echocardiogram, machine like continuous murmur
  • Treatment - surgical closure (prostgland inhibitor)
108
Q

Structural Heart Defects: Coarctation of Aorta (description, investigations, treatment)

A
  • Aorta narrowed at ductus arteriosus
  • Investigations - CXR (dilated aorta indented at site of coarctation), ECG (LV hypertrophy), CT
  • Treatment - Surgical repair (risk of aneurysm at site of repair), balloon dilation

Phase 2a (15 decks)

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