Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems Flashcards
Double circulatory System Definitions
Systemic circuit - Transports oxygenated blood from the heart around the body and deoxygenated blood back to the heart
Pulmonary circuit - transports deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs and oxygenated blood back to the heart.
Types of Blood Vessels
Artery carries blood away from the heart, thicker walls, higher blood pressure, mostly oxygenated blood.
Arterioles small arteries
Vein carry blood towards the heart, lower blood pressure, mostly deoxygenated blood, valves to prevent blood flowing backwards, thinner walls
Venules small veins
Capillary tiny vessels with single cell wall to allow gaseous and nutrient exchange
Valves in the Heart
Tricuspid
Valve between the right atrium and right ventricle
Bicuspid
valve between the left atrium and left ventricle
Semi lunar valves
Valves which link the left ventricle to the aorta (aortic valve) and right ventricle to the pulmonary artery (pulmonary valve) to stop the blood flowing back into the heart
Parts of the Heart
Atria upper chambers receive blood
Ventricles lower chambers pump blood
Septum divides the right and left side of the heart
Pulmonary circuit between the heart and the lungs
Aorta main artery from left ventricle to body
Pulmonary artery from right ventricle to lungs
Vena cava from body to right atrium
Pulmonary vein from lungs to left atrium
Valves prevent backflow of blood
Red Blood Cells Definition
Contain haemoglobin which carries oxygen in the blood stream to the body and working muscles.
Cardiovascular System output definitions and equation
Heart rate (HR) - number of times the heart contracts per minute
Stroke volume (SV) - volume of blood ejected through the left ventricle per beat
Cardiac Output (CO) - volume of blood ejected through the left ventricle per minute
Cardiac Output = HR x SV
Pathway of air through the Respiratory System
Mouth & Nose - Air enters and is warmed and moistened by mucus membranes
Trachea - proper name for the windpipe takes the air down to the lungs
Bronchi - the trachea branches off into 2 bronchi one goes right the other left
Bronchioles - smaller branches which allow air to pass into the alveoli
Alveoli - air filled sacs which make up the lungs and allow gaseous exchange
Mechanics of Breathing (role of diaphragm and intercostal muscles)
Intercostal muscles between ribs contract to pull the ribs up and out to increase the volume of the thoracic cavity allowing air in, during inspiration. relax making the chest smaller and forcing air out during expiration.
Diaphragm large sheet of muscle below the ribs, contracts downwards to increase volume of thoracic cavity, during inspiration and relaxes upwards to reduce the thoracic cavity during expiration.
Respiratory System output definitions and equation
Breathing Rate (BR) - number of inspirations or expirations per minute (breaths per minute)
Tidal volume (TV) - volume of air inspired or expired per breath
Minute ventilation (VE) - volume of air inspired or expired each minute
Minute Ventilation (VE) = BR x TV
Aerobic Exercise
Aerobic - with oxygen, used by the muscles for medium to low intensity exercise over longer periods e.g. jogging, endurance cycling.
Does not produce lactic acid so muscles do not tire as quickly.
By-product - Carbon dioxide and water
Anaerobic Exercise
Anaerobic - without oxygen, used for high intensity exercise for a short time e.g. sprinting, weight lifting.
Lactic acid builds up which makes the muscles tired.
By-product - Lactic acid
