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VMT Block 2 > Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems > Flashcards

Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Pericardium

A

Tough, fibrous outer layer of heart
Membrane enclosing the heart
Thin sac with small amount of fluid to help reduce friction (lubricates)
Forms pericardial sac

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2
Q

Pericardial space

A

Space between the two layers of serous membrane (pericardium and epicardium)

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3
Q

Epicardium

A

The outer layer of the heart wall
Visceral pericardium
In direct contact with heart tissue

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4
Q

Myocardium

A

Middle layer of the heart.
The cardiac muscle itself
Muscular tissue of the heart
Contracts to beat

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5
Q

Endocardium

A

Lines the chambers of the heart and covers its valves

Specialized epithelial tissue lining inside of heart, helps form valves

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6
Q

Coronary Heart Disease

A

A blockage in one or more of the coronary arteries to the heart muscle resulting in damage to the heart muscle because it doesn’t get enough blood
A problem with the arteries
Lack of blood supply problem

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7
Q

Congestive heart failure

A

Decreased blood flow through the heart resulting in back pressure
-this causes leakage of fluid into the lungs
-which results in reduced oxygen and nutrients being supplied to the tissues of the body
Valve problem
-failure in valve causes fluid to have some back flow (no longer one way)
This leads to fluid build up in long, thoracic cavity (cats) or abdomen

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8
Q

What is the most common cause of CHF in dogs?

A

Mitral Valve Insufficiency
The Mitral Valve does not close properly when the heart pumps out blood so there is a regurgitation of blood into the left valve

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9
Q

Veins

A

Return blood to heart

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10
Q

Arteries

A

Carry blood away from heart

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11
Q

Capillaries

A

Thin walled microscopic blood vessels between the veins and arteries where oxygen and nutrient exchange occurs

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12
Q

Plasma

A

Liquid part of blood that makes up 60% of blood.

Includes many dissolved chemicals such as clotting factors, waste products, electrolytes, hormones, antibodies and nutrients

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13
Q

What is the difference between plasma and serum?

A

Plasma: liquid portion of blood that hasn’t clotted - contains clotting factors
Serum-liquid portion of blood after it has been clotted - no clotting factors - they are already in the clot

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14
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Red blood cells that contain hemoglobin (a protein iron molecule which binds to oxygen)

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15
Q

5 types of white blood cells (leukocytes)

A 
Neutrophils 
Basophils 
Monocytes 
Eosinphils 
Lymphocytes
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16
Q

Clotting factor

A

When a blood vessel is damaged, the clotting factors are triggered and become activated which results in the platelets and fibrin sticking together to form a cot

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17
Q

Blood group

A

Antigens found on the surface of a red blood cell
Dogs - called DEA
Most dogs have DEA 4 and DEA 5
40% have DEA 1

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18
Q

What type of blood do most north American cats have

A

Type A

Some purebreds have type B

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19
Q

Pulse

A

Palpable pressure wave triggered by the heart contracting

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20
Q

Blood pressure

A

Measures the pressure of the circulating blood on the arterial wall and includes the maximal pressure (systolic) and minimum pressure (diastolic)

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21
Q

Systolic

A

As the heart contracts (maximal pressure)

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22
Q

Diastolic

A

As the heart relaxes (minimal pressure)

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23
Q

Hypotension

A

Decreased blood pressure

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24
Q

Hypertension

A

Increased blood pressure

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25
Q

Lymphatic system

A

Network if tissues/organs
Lymph vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, thymus
Function: collects and transfers tissue fluids from the intracellular spaces back to the veins, to return plasma proteins to the blood stream, transports fat from the intestinal tract, manufacture lymphocytes in the lymph nodes
Produce anti-bodies
Filter out micro-organisms and toxins

26
Q

Lymph vessels

A

Distributed throughout the body and carry lymph(clear watery fluid containing plasma proteins, water, lymphocytes) through lymphoid tissue which results in filtering toxins, old cells and bacteria and stimulating immune response

27
Q

Spleen

A

Production and storage site for red cell production

28
Q

What is the chief muscle of respiration

A

The diaphragm

29
Q

What does the diaphragm do during inspiration?

A

The diaphragm contracts, flattens, lowers which increases capacity of thoracic cavity

30
Q

Left atrium

A

Left upper heart chamber, receives blood from pulmonary veins

31
Q

Right atrium

A

Right upper chamber, receives blood from pulmonary veins

32
Q

Mitral valve

A

Valve between atrium and left ventricle (2flaps)

33
Q

Tricuspid valve

A

Valve between right atrium and right ventricle, 3 flaps

34
Q

Left ventricle

A

Receives blood from left atrium, pumps blood to aorta

35
Q

Aorta

A

Main artery in the body, takes blood from left ventricle to all organs in body (except lungs)

36
Q

Pulmonary artery:

A

Carries blood from right ventricle to lungs

37
Q

Importance of valves

A

The valves act as one-way valves
Allow blood to flow either from one chamber to chamber in only one direction
Controls the flow of blood through the heart by opening and closing during contractions of the heart

38
Q

What are some problems with valves

A

Leakage
Not closing at appropriate time
Will severely decrease the effectiveness of heart pumping blood , may lead to heart failed (murmurs)

39
Q

Valves

A

Prevent backflow of blood

40
Q

Coronary arteries.

A

Branch off at start of aorta to supply

41
Q

Plasma

A

Liquid portion of the unclotted blood

Acts as transport/suspension system for chemicals, hormones, proteins and cells

42
Q

Leukocytes

A

WBC that fight infection

43
Q

Erythrocytes

A

RBC that carry oxygen

44
Q

How are red blood cells measured

A

Red blood cell number
Hemoglobin
Packed cell volume
Hematocrit

45
Q

Plasma

A

Removes waste products from body
Aids immune system with anti bodies
Provides proteins, nutrients, electrolytes to cells that need them
Transports organs to target organs
Helps maintain blood pressure and maintain thermoregulation to various areas
Contains clotting factors to assist platelets when needed to form blood clot

46
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Contain iron in it

Iron from non animal is less easily absorbed

47
Q

Neutrophil

A

Main WBC for killing / ingesting invading micro organisms (especially bacteria)

48
Q

Eosinophil

A

Main WBC for parasitic infections
Also plays roll in allergies (worsens response)
Also contains heparin to slow down blood clotting

49
Q

Basophil

A

Seen in most allergic reactions , releases histamines in allergies ( worsens response) also contains heparin to slow down blood clotting

50
Q

Lymphocyte

A

Involved in immune response ; T cells, B cells and natural killer cells
Defends body against natural cancer cells, pathogens (especially viral) and foreign material
Creates antibodies against antigens exposed to
Memory cells allow recognition if exposed to again ex vaccination

51
Q

DEA

A

Dog erythrocyte antigen

52
Q

How many blood transfusions can dogs get before reacting to another blood type

A

1

53
Q

What happens if dog gets opposite blood type after second transfusion?

A

Will form antibodies from first transfusion, and will destroy blood from second transfusion
Because dogs have naturally occurring antibodies; requires exposure to blood first

54
Q

How many blood groups are present in blood?

A

12 blood groups are present

55
Q

Do cats have universal donors

A

No

56
Q

What should you do before giving a cat a transfusion

A

Reccomend blood typing cats before every transfusion and mating

57
Q

Difference between cat blood types

A

Type a cats have naturally occurring -B anti bodies (90% of north American cats)
Type B have naturally occurring anti -A antibodies , recessive
Type AB cats have no A or B antibodies (universal recipients) less than 1%

58
Q

Pulse

A

Rhythmic throbbing as blood propelled through arteries , usually same as heart rate (some diseases can make different)
Can count rate (number per minute)
And assess strength/weakness
Femoral pulse on back leg

59
Q

Tonsils

A

Traps and kills microorganisms inhaled, contains antibodies

60
Q

Thymus

A

Helps train and develop T-Lymphocytes for immune system

VMT Block 2 (4 decks)

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