Cardiovascular Flashcards
Deaths in UK due to cardiovascular disease (heart and circulatory system)?
Estimated deaths worldwide?
155,000 per year in the UK. The leading cause of death in the UK ~ 1/3 of deaths in England and Wales (Nice,2014)
17 million deaths worldwide per year
M/F with heart attack in UK?
Deaths from coronary heart disease M/F?
640,000 men and 275,000 women in UK have had a heart attack
1/7 men, 1/10 women will die from coronary heart disease
Definition of CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE (CVD)?
No universally agreed definition
Nice, 2014 - CVD describes disease of the heart and blood vessels caused by artheroschlerosis. It is the leading cause of death in England and Wales - 1/3.
British Heart Foundation:
“Includes all the diseases of the heart and circulation including coronary heart disease, angina, heart attack, congenital heart failure, heart failure and stroke”
What diseases are included in CVD?
Includes hypertension, ischaemic heart disease, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, stroke, rheumatic heart disease, congenital heart defects and heart failure.
Most of these are inter-related e.g. hypertension->MI-> heart failure
What is the primary aetiology of heart failure?
What other factors cause heart failure?
CVD is primary aetiology. Mostly caused by atheromatous plaque build up on the intima/inner layer of heart wall
Other factors causing heart failure include~:
- rheumatic fever or infection
- primary disease of the heart muscle (cardiomyopathy - enlargement of heart)
- congenital heart disease
How can we reduce CVD?
Hypertension and stroke are often manifestations of the same process in arteries of brain & body
Modification of major risk factors known to be associated with artherosclerosis
What are the main risks for CVD?
- Age (cumulative effects of smoking, obesity)
- Sex (M, though F on the rise)
- Family history of CVD
- Ethnic background
- Smoking
- Raised BP (140/90+)
- Raised cholesterol
- Low income / social deprivation
- Air pollution
- Sedentary lifestyle
- Abnormal blood lipids
Cholesterol - names and normal ranges
‘Good’ cholesterol?
‘Bad’ Cholesterol?
What combo increases risk of CVD?
Total - all cholesterol (normal is >5)
‘Good’ = HDL - high (1
Genetic risk factors for CVD?
Family history of CVD - depending on number and age of affected first degree relatives
Cardiac disorders can be inherited e.g.
- arrythmia
- congenital heart disease
- cardiomyopathy
- high blood cholesterol
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) leads to heart attack, stroke and heart failure - can run in families
Can be single gene mutation passed from parents to child. E.g. ARAMTS7 linked to plaque build up
Variants on chromosomes 9,6,2
Fetal Origins Hypothesis:
What is it?
Who developed it?
Fetal Origins Hypothesis:
Through study of fetal growth and association with hypertension, CVD and diabetes, hypothesis states that nutrition during pregnancy determines metabolism and physiology of baby. This can predispose to disease in later life, particularly when discrepency between ‘expected’ environment and actual environment post birth
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