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Shmedic Phase 1 > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

Where are precursor red blood cells found in utero? (3)

A

The yolk sac, then the liver and spleen.

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2
Q

What hormone stimulates precursor stem cells to proliferate and differentiate into red blood cells?

A

Erythropoietin (Epo).

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3
Q

What hormone stimulates precursor stem cells to proliferate and differentiate into white cells?

A

Granulocyte colony stimulating factor. (G-CSF)

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4
Q

What stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of platelets?

A

Thrombopoietin (Tpo).

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5
Q

What causes the oxygen dissociation curve to shift to the left?

A

An increase in pH or decrease in temperature.

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6
Q

In blood types what does Rhesus negative mean?

A

The D antigen is not present on the blood cells.

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7
Q

What is polycythaemia and what causes it?

A

Higher than usual levels of haemoglobin in the blood, caused by insufficient O2 exchange so smoking and lung diseases (things that decrease lung efficiency) cause it.

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8
Q

What’s is kylonychia and what is it a symptom

A

Spoon shaped nails, caused by iron deficiency - it is a symptom of anaemia.

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9
Q

What vitamin deficiency can cause a type of anaemia?

A

Vitamin B-12.

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10
Q

What are the two main types of haemolysis?

A

Congenital (from birth) and acquired.

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11
Q

What are the three types of acquired haemolysis?

A
  1. Autoimmune: Can be caused by a blood transfusion.
  2. Mechanical: fragmentation by a mechanical heart valve or disseminate intravascular coagulation.
  3. Pregnancy: Will effect a second baby with a different Rh to mother if mother is already sensitised to it by the first baby.
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12
Q

What two important chemicals do neutrophils release and what do they do?

A
  1. Chemotaxins - signal for more white blood cells to come to the site.
  2. Cytokines - important in inflammatory response.
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13
Q

What is a CD4 cell?

A

A T-helper cell.

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14
Q

What is a CD8 cell?

A

A cytotoxic T cell.

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15
Q

Why would a patient have white precursor cells in their blood?

A

The patient may have acute leukaemia.

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16
Q

What is the main risk of thrombocytopenia?

A

Cerebral bleeding (due to reduced ability to clot).

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17
Q

What coagulation factors need vitamin k to be correctly synthesised?

A

2, 7, 9, and 10 (remember 1972).

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18
Q

What are the main risks of thrombocytosis?

A

Heart attack and stroke - due to increased chance of clotting.

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19
Q

in terms of bands, zones and lines, what does a sarcomere contain?

A

2 half I-bands, 1 A-band, 1 H-zone, 1 M-line and 2 Z-lines.

20
Q

The opening of what type of protein channel causes the electrical plateau in the action potential of cardiac myocytes.

A

L-Type Ca+ channels.

21
Q

What happens when L-Type Ca+ channels open on cardiac myocytes?

A

Causes a small influx of Ca+ ions (not enough to start a contraction) which bind to ryanodine receptors on the sarcoplasmic reticulum, causing much more Ca+ ions to be released and contraction takes place.

22
Q

Where do the coronary arteries branch from the systemic circulation?

A

From behind the aortic valve cusps is the first part of the aorta.

23
Q

What type of voltage gated channel opens in a negative membrane potential and where are they found?

A

F-type channels and they are found in the pacemaker cells of the sinoatrial node.

24
Q

In the parasympathetic innervation of the heart, what type of receptors do acetylcholine bind to?

A

Muscaranic.

25
Q

What are chronotropic effects influencing?

A

Heart rate.

26
Q

What are inotropic effects influencing?

A

Force of contraction.

27
Q

What are ECGs physically measuring?

A

Currents generated in the EXTRACELLULAR FLUID as a result of the changes in the surrounding cardiac cells.

28
Q

What is dextrocardia?

A

A congenital condition in which the heart points to the right instead of the left.

29
Q

Why can you not usually see atrial repolarisation on an ECG?

A

Because it is masked by QRS complex (ventricular depolarisation) as they happen at the same time.

30
Q

In which lead is the ‘p’ wave not positive?

A

The aVR lead.

31
Q

What is afterload?

A

The pressure the left ventricle must overcome to eject blood during contraction.

32
Q

What is preload?

A

The volume of blood in the left ventricle which stretches the cardiac myocytes before contraction (end-diastolic volume).

33
Q

What is the frank-starling’s law?

A

that the stroke volume of the left ventricle will increase as the left ventricular volume increases due to the myocyte stretch causing a more forceful systolic contraction.

34
Q

What is hyperemia?

A

Increased blood flow.

35
Q

What is myogenic autoregulation?

A

Where blood flow is increased and stretches vascular smooth muscle and it automatically constricts to maintain diameter. The opposite is also true (decreased flow - it dilates).

36
Q

What is the equation for mean arterial pressure?

A

MAP = DP + 1/3(SP-DP)

37
Q

What are the three usual heart sounds?

A
  1. Closing of AV valves (mitral)
  2. Closing of aortic and pulmonary valves
  3. Blood rushing into left ventricle
38
Q

What are the two regions of cardiovascular control in the brain and where are they located?

A

Pressor (sympathetic) and depressor (parasympathetic and inhibits pressor region) regions that are located in the medulla.

39
Q

Where are central chemoreceptors found and what do they respond to?

A

In the medulla and mainly due to a decrease in pH due to CO2 diffusing across the blood brain barrier.

40
Q

Where are cardiopulmonary baroreceptors found and what do they respond to?

A

In the atria, ventricles and pulmonary artery. They respond to changes in blood pressure.

41
Q

Where are peripheral chemoreceptors found and what do they respond to?

A

Aortic and carotid bodies and mainly respond to the partial pressure of oxygen but also to changes in pH.

42
Q

What hormone, released by endothelial cells causes vasoconstriction?

A

Endothelin-1.

43
Q

What hormone, released by endothelial cells causes vasodilation?

A

Prostacyclin/Prostaglandin I2 (PGI2).

44
Q

Name three hormonal factors that cause vasoconstriction:

A
  1. Angiotensin II
  2. Vasopressin (ADH)
  3. Adrenaline (depends on which receptor)
45
Q

Name two hormonal factors that cause vasodilation:

A
  1. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

2. Adrenaline (depends on which receptor)

46
Q

Where are arterial baroreceptors found?

A

Aortic arch and carotid sinus.

Shmedic Phase 1 (8 decks)

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