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anatomy and physiology ii > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 major divisions of the circulatory system?

A

Pulmonary and systemic circuits

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2
Q

Which circuit is on the right side of heart and

carries blood to lungs for gas exchange and back to heart?

A

Pulmonary Circuit

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3
Q

Which circuit is on the left side of the heart and Supplies oxygenated blood to all tissues of the body and returns it to the heart?

A

Systemic Circuit

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4
Q

What are 2 characteristics of the LEFT SIDE of the heart?

A
  • Fully oxygenated blood arrives from lungs via pulmonary veins
  • Blood sent to all organs of the body via aorta
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5
Q

What are 2 characteristics of the RIGHT SIDE of the heart?

A
  • Oxygen-poor blood arrives from inferior and superior venae cavae
  • Blood sent to lungs via pulmonary trunk
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6
Q

Where is the heart located and what are the 2 major divisions?

A

In the mediastinum between the lungs.

Base and Apex (apex is the tilted corner)

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7
Q

What is the double-walled sac that encloses the heart

Allows heart to beat without friction, provides room to expand, yet resists excessive expansion?

A

Pericardium

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8
Q

What are the 2 layers of the Parietal pericardium?

A

Fibrous and Serous layers

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9
Q

What is the epicardium?

A

Serous membrane covering heart

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10
Q

What is the space inside the pericardial sac filled with 5 to 30 mL of pericardial fluid called?

A

Pericardial cavity

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11
Q

What is Pericarditis?

A

painful inflammation of the membranes

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12
Q

What are the 3 layers of the heart wall?

A

epicardium, myocardium and endocardium

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13
Q

What muscle is myocardium made out of?

A

Cardiac Muscle

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14
Q

What are striated, short, thick, branched cells, with one central nucleus?

A

Cardiocytes

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15
Q

What join the cardiocytes end to end?

A

Intercalated discs

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16
Q

What are the two superior chambers that receive blood returning to heart?

A

Right and Left Atria

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17
Q

What are the two inferior chambers that pump blood into arteries?

A

Right and Left Ventricles

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18
Q

What separates the atria and ventricles?

A

Atrioventricular sulcus

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19
Q

What divides the right ventricle from the left ventricle?

A

Interventricular Sulcus

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20
Q

What does Sulci contain?

A

Coronary Arteries

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21
Q

What is the wall that separates the atria?

A

Interatrial Septum

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22
Q

What are the Internal ridges of myocardium in right atrium and both auricles called?

A

Pectinate Muscles

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23
Q

What is the Muscular wall that separates ventricles called?

A

Interventricular Septum

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24
Q

What is the Trabeculae carneae?

A

The internal ridges in both ventricles

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25
Q

What do the valves of the heart ensure?

A

one-way flow of blood through heart

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26
Q

What do the Atrioventricular (AV) valves control?

A

blood flow between atria and ventricles

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27
Q

How many cusps does the right AV valve have and what are they formally called?

A

Tricuspid Valve

28
Q

How many cusps does the left AV valve have and what are they formally called?

A

Bicuspid Valve

29
Q

What is the Chordae tendineae?

A

Cords that connect AV valves to papillary muscles on floor of ventricles

30
Q

What controls flow of blood into great arteries; open and close because of blood flow and pressure?

A

Semilunar Valves

31
Q

Where is the Pulmonary Semilunar Valve?

A

between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

32
Q

Where is the Aortic Semilunar Valve?

A

between left ventricle and aorta

33
Q

What happens when ventricles relax?

A

AV valves open, and blood flows from atria to ventricles

34
Q

What happens when ventricles contract?

A

AV valves close as blood attempts to back up into the atria and Semilunar valves open, blood flows into great vessels

35
Q

What is a Myocardial infarction (MI)?

A

A heart attack (Interruption of blood supply to the heart from a blood clot or fatty deposit)

36
Q

What are arterial anastomoses?

A

provides alternative routes of blood flow (collateral circulation) within the myocardium

37
Q

What is Angina pectoris?

A

chest pain from partial obstruction of coronary blood flow

38
Q

What does the coronary sinus do?

A

Collects blood and empties into right atrium

39
Q

What is the Conduction System?

A

An internal pacemaker which distributes nerve-like conduction pathways through myocardium

40
Q

What are Sinoatrial (SA) nodes?

A

The SA node consists of a cluster of cells that are situated in the upper part of the wall of the right atrium. The electrical impulses are generated there.

41
Q

What is the Atrioventricular Node (AV Node) and what does it do?

A

An Electrical gateway to the ventricles / insulator prevents currents from getting to ventricles by any other route / LOCATED AT THE END OF INTERATRIAL SEPTUM

42
Q

Where is the Atrioventricular Bundle? (AV Bundle) located?

A

Branches pass through interventricular septum toward apex

43
Q

What are nerve-like processes that spread throughout ventricular myocardium?

A

Purkinje fibers

44
Q

What do sympathetic nerves do?

A

increase heart rate and contraction strength

45
Q

What do parasympathetic nerves do?

A

slows down heart rate

46
Q

What are the 2 cycles of events in the heart and what do they do?

A

Systole: contraction

Diastole: relaxation

47
Q

What is the normal sinus rhythm for adults?

A

70-80 bpm

48
Q

What is a region of spontaneous firing other than the SA node that happens when the SA Node is damaged?

A

Ectopic focus

49
Q

What is the rhythm called when the SA node is damaged, and the heart rate is set by AV node, 40 to 50 bpm?

A

Nodal Rhythm

50
Q

What are the 3 phases to cardiocyte action potential?

A

depolarization, plateau, repolarization

51
Q

What records all action potentials of nodal and myocardial cells?

A

EKG (Electrocardiogram)

52
Q

What is it called when the SA node fires and the atria depolarizes and contracts on the EKG?

A

The P Wave

53
Q

What is the QRS Complex?

A

Ventricular Depolarization

54
Q

What is the T Wave?

A

Ventricular Repolarization

55
Q

What is the ST segment of the EKG?

A

A plateau of myocardial action potential

56
Q

What can cause abnormal heart beats?

A

Myocardial infarction (MI)
Abnormalities in conduction pathways
Heart enlargement
Electrolyte and hormone imbalances

57
Q

What is a full cardiac cycle and how long does it usually take?

A

A full contraction and relaxation of all four chambers of the heart - takes .8 seconds

58
Q

What is Auscultation?

A

Listening to the sounds of the body

59
Q

What are the louder and longer “lubb,” occurs with closure of AV valves, turbulence in the bloodstream, and movements of the heart wall?

A

S1 (First Heart Sound)

60
Q

What are the softer and sharper “dupp,” occurs with closure of semilunar valves, turbulence in the bloodstream, and movements of the heart wall?

A

S2 (Second Heart Sound)

61
Q

What do you call the amount of blood ejected by each ventricle in 1 minute and how much is released?

A

Cardiac Output (CO) / 4-6 Liters per minute

62
Q

What is the equation for Cardiac Output?

A

heart rate x stroke volume

63
Q

What is the surge of pressure produced by heart beat that can be felt by palpating a superficial artery called?

A

A Pulse

64
Q

What is Tachycardia?

A

When HR is more than 100 Bpm

65
Q

What is Bradycardia?

A

When HR is less than 60 Bpm

66
Q

What is the amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle in one contraction called?

A

Stroke Volume

67
Q

What is Coronary artery disease (CAD)?

A

a constriction of the coronary arteries

anatomy and physiology ii (3 decks)

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