Cardiovascular Flashcards
Truncus arteriosus
Ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk
Bulbus cordis
Smooth parts (outflow tract) of left and right ventricles
Endocardial cushion
- Atrial septum, membranous interventricular septum
- AV and semilunar valves
Primitive atrium
Trabeculated part of left and right atria
Primitive ventricle
Trabeculated part of left and right ventricles
Primitive pulmonary vein
Smooth part of left atrium
Left horn of sinus venosus
Coronary sinus
Right horn of sinus venosus
Smooth part of right atrium (sinus venarum)
Right common cardinal vein and right anterior cardinal vein
Superior vena cava
Heart begins to beat spontaneously at
Week 4 of development
Cardiac looping
- Primary heart tube loops to establish left-right polarity
- Begins in week 4 of gestation
- Defect in left-right dynein (involved in L/R asymmetry) can lead to dextrocardia, as seen in Kartagener syndrome (primary ciliary dyskinesia)
Conotruncal abnormalities associated with failure of neural crest cells to migrate
- Transposition of great vessels
- Tetralogy of Fallot
- Persistent truncus arteriosus
What causes a patent foramen ovale
- Caused by a failure of septum primum and septum secundum to fuse after birth
- Most are left untreated
- Can lead to paradoxical emboli, similar to those resulting from ASD
Where do ventricular septal defects usually occur
- Usually occurs in membranous septum
- Most common congenital cardiac anomaly
Allantois → urachus
- Median umbilical ligament
- Urachus is part of allantoic duct between the bladder and umbilicus
Ductus arteriosus
Ligamentum arteriosum
Ductus venosus
Ligamentum venosum
Foramen ovale
Fossa ovalis
Notochord
Nucleus pulposus
Umbilical arteries
Medial umbilical ligaments
Umbilical vein
- Ligamentum teres hepatis
- Contained in falciform ligament
3 layers of pericardium
- Fibrous pericardium
- Parietal layer of serous pericardium
- Visceral layer of serous pericardium
- Pericardial cavity lies between parietal and visceral layers
CO during exercise
- EARLY: CO is maintained by ↑ HR and ↑ SV
- LATE: CO is maintained by ↑ HR only (SV plateaus)
With ↑ HR, what becomes preferentially shortened
- Diastole is preferentially shortened with ↑ HR
- Less filling time → ↓ CO (eg ventricular tachycardia)