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NPLEX 1 > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

What embryonic structure gives rise to the: ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk?

A

truncus arteriosus (TA)

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2
Q

What embryonic structure gives rise to the: smooth part (outflow tract) of the left and right ventricles?

A

bulbus cordis

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3
Q

What embryonic structure gives rise to the: trabecullated part of the left and right atria?

A

primative aorta

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4
Q

What embryonic structure gives rise to the: trabeculated part of the left and right ventricle

A

primative ventricle

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5
Q

What embryonic structure gives rise to the: smooth part of the left atrium

A

primitive pulmonary veins

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6
Q

What embryonic structure gives rise to the: coronary sinus?

A

left horn of sinus venous (SV)

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7
Q

What embryonic structure gives rise to the: smooth part of the right atrium?

A

right horn of the sinus venosus (SV)

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8
Q

What embryonic structure gives rise to the: SVC?

A

the right common cardinal vein and right anterior cardinal vein

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9
Q

What is the first functional organ in vertebrate embryos?

A

the heart

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10
Q

how many weeks in does the heart start beating spontaneously?

A

4 weeks

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11
Q

Give the new name for the following anatomical structure post delivery: Umbilical vein

A

Ligamtentum teres hepatis

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12
Q

Give the new name for the following anatomical structure post delivery: Umbilical arteries

A

Medial umbilical ligament

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13
Q

Give the new name for the following anatomical structure post delivery: Ductus arteriosus

A

ligamentum ateriosum

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14
Q

Give the new name for the following anatomical structure post delivery: Ductus venosus

A

Ligamentum venosum

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15
Q

Give the new name for the following anatomical structure post delivery: Foramen ovale

A

Fossa ovalis

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16
Q

Give the new name for the following anatomical structure post delivery: Allantois

A

Urashus-median umbilical ligament

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17
Q

Give the new name for the following anatomical structure post delivery: Notochord

A

Nucleus pulpous of intervertebral disc

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18
Q

What is the urachus?

A

Part of the allantoic duct between the bladder and the umbilicus. A urachal cyst or sinus is a remnant.

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19
Q

What is contained within the falciform ligament?

A

the umbilical vein (fetus)/ligamentum teres hepatits

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20
Q

Preload is approximated by…

A

ventricular end diastolic volume

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21
Q

Afterload is approximated by….

A

MAP - mean arterial pressure

Leplace’s law: wall tension = pressure X radius / 2 X wall thickness

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22
Q

How do we compensate for an increased afterload

A

Left ventricle compensates via hypertrophy to decrease wall tension

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23
Q

What happens to the ejection fraction in systolic heart failure?

A

decreases

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24
Q

What happens to ejection fraction in diastolic heart failure?

A

not affected (normal)

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25
Q

What is the equation for EF?

A

EF = SV/EDV= EDV - ESV/EDV

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26
Q

What is the equation for calculating Resistance through the heart?

A

Resistance = driving pressure (change in pressure) / flow (Q)
= 8n (viscosity) X length / pie r 4

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27
Q

What effect does the following maneuver have on the heart?: Inspiration

A

Increase intensity of right heart sounds

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28
Q

What effect does the following maneuver have on the heart?: Valsalva’s (phase 2), standing (decrease venous return)

A

decrease intensity of most murmurs (including AS)
increase intensity of hypertrophies cardiomyopathy murmur
MVP: decrease murmur intensity, earlier oner of click/murmur

29
Q

What effect does the following maneuver have on the heart?: Hand Grip (increase systemic vascular resistance)

A

increase in MR, AR, VSD murmurs
decrease intensity of AS, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy murmurs
MVP: increased murmur intensity, later onset of click/murmur

30
Q

What effect does the following maneuver have on the heart?: rapid squatting (increased venous return, increased preload, increased after load with prolonged squatting

A

decreased intensity of hypertrophies cardiomyopathy murmur
increased intensity of AS murmur
MVP: increase murmur intensity, later onset of click/murmur

31
Q

List the systolic heart sounds

A

aortic/pulmoni stenosis, mitral/tricuspid regurgitation, ventricular septal defect

32
Q

List the diastolic heart sounds

A

aortic/pulmonic regurgitation, mitral/tricuspid stenosis

33
Q

Describe mitral/tricuspid regurgitation murmurs

A

Holosystolic, high pitches, blowing murmur

34
Q

Describe aortic stenosis (AS) murmurs

A

Crescendo/decrescendo systolic ejection murmur

35
Q

Describe ventricular septal defect murmurs

A

Holosystolic, harsh-sounding murmur

36
Q

Describe mitral valve prolapse

A

Late systolic crescendo murmur. Midsystolic click

37
Q

Describe aortic regurgitation (AR) murmurs

A

High pitches. Blowing. Early diastole. Decrescendo murmur

38
Q

Describe mitral stenosis murmurs

A

opening snap. Delayed rumble in late diastole.

39
Q

Describe PDA murmurs

A

continuous machine-like murmur. Loudest at S2.

40
Q

Describe mitral/tricuspid regurgitation murmurs

A

Holosystolic, high pitches, blowing murmur

41
Q

Describe aortic stenosis (AS) murmurs

A

Crescendo/decrescendo systolic ejection murmur

42
Q

Describe ventricular septal defect murmurs

A

Holosystolic, harsh-sounding murmur

43
Q

Describe mitral valve prolapse

A

Late systolic crescendo murmur. Midsystolic click

44
Q

Describe aortic regurgitation (AR) murmurs

A

High pitches. Blowing. Early diastole. Decrescendo murmur

45
Q

Describe mitral stenosis murmurs

A

opening snap. Delayed rumble in late diastole.

46
Q

Describe PDA murmurs

A

continuous machine-like murmur. Loudest at S2.

47
Q

What characterizes atrial fibrillation?

A

Chaotic/irratic baseline with no discrete P wave.

48
Q

What can results from atrial fibrillation?

A

atrial stasis and lead to thromboembolic shock

49
Q

What characterizes atrial flutter?

A

rapid succession of identical, back-to-back artial depolarization waves. “Sawtooth” appearance

50
Q

What characterizes ventricular fibrillation?

A

No identifiable waves - erratic rhythm.

51
Q

What can ventricular fibrillation result in?

A

Fatal arrhythmia without immediate CPR and defib

52
Q

What characterizes 1st degree AV block?

A

PR interval is >200 msec. Benign asymptomatic

53
Q

What characterizes 2nd degree AV block?

A

Progressive lengthening of the PR interval until a beat is “dropped” (P wave not followed by a QRS complex). Usually asymptomatic.

54
Q

What’s another name for 2nd degree AV block?

A

Mobitz (wenchebach) type 1 and 2

55
Q

What characterizes Mobitz type 2 AV blocks?

A

dorpped beats that are not preceded by a change in the length of the PR interval (as in type 1). Often found as 2:1 block, where there are 2 or more P waves to 1 QRS complex.

56
Q

Can heart block progress from one stage to another?

A

Yes

57
Q

What characterizes 3rd degree heart block?

A

Atria and ventricle beat independant of each other. Both P and QRS are present, although the P waves bear no relation to the QRS complex. Atrial rate is faster than the ventricle rate.

58
Q

What pathogen can result in 3rd degree heart block?

A

Lyme’s disease

59
Q

What is released from atrial myocytes in response to increase blood volume and atrial pressures?

A

atrial natruiretic peptide

60
Q

What does atrial natriuretic peptide cause?

A

vasodilation and decrease in Na+ reabsorption at the renal collecting tubule. Constricts efferent renal arterioles and dilates afferent arterioles via cGMP, promoting diuresis and contributing to “aldosterone escape” mechanism

61
Q

What is released from the ventricular myocytes in response to increased tension?

A

B-type (brain) natriuretic peptide

62
Q

What is the physiological action of B-type (brain) natriuretic peptide?

A

Similar physiologic action to ANP, with longer 1/2 life.

BNP blood test used for diagnosing heart failure (very good negative predictive value).

63
Q

What congenital heart defect is associated with 22q11 syndromes?

A

truncus arteriosus, metrology of Fallot

64
Q

What congenital heart defect is associated with Down syndrome?

A

ASD, VSD, AV septal defect (endocardial cushion defect)

65
Q

What congenital heart defect is associated with Congenital rubella?

A

Septal defects, PDA, pulmonary artery stenosis

66
Q

What congenital heart defect is associated with turner syndrome?

A

bicuspid aortic valve, coarctation of aorta (preductal)

67
Q

What congenital heart defect is associated with Marfan Syndrome?

A

MVP (mitral valve prolapse), thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection, aortic regurgitation

68
Q

What congenital heart defect is associated with infants of diabetic mothers?

A

Transposition of the great vessels (fatal)

NPLEX 1 (10 decks)

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