Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

alevel PE > cardiovascular > Flashcards

cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

define heart rate and give the measurement

A

number of times the heart contracts per minute- measured in beats/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

define stroke volume and give the measurement

A

volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle per beat- measured in ml

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

define cardiac output and give the measurement

A

volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle per minute- measured in L/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

average HR values for an untrained individual at rest, sub-max and maximal intensity

A

rest= 70 bpm
sub-max= 100bpm
max= 220-age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

average SV values for an untrained individual at rest, sub-max and maximal intensity

A

rest= 70ml
sub-max= 100ml
max= 100ml but will decrease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

average CO values for an untrained individual at rest, sub-max and maximal intensity

A

rest= 5 L/min
sub-max= 10 L/min
max= 20L/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

average HR values for a trained individual at rest, sub-max and maximal intensity

A

rest= 50bpm
sub-max= 120bpm
max= 220-age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

average SV values for a trained individual at rest, sub-max and maximal intensity

A

rest= 100ml
sub-max= 200ml
max= 200ml but will decrease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

average CO values for a trained individual at rest, sub-max and maximal intensity

A

rest= 5 L/min
sub-max= 24L/min
max= 40 L/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

define myogenic

A

the capacity of the heart to generate its own electrical impulse, which causes the cardiac muscles to contract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

describe the stages of the conduction system

A
  1. the SA node located in the right atrium wall generates the electrical impulse and fires it through the atrial walls causing to to contract
  2. the AV node receives this impulse and delays it for approx. 0.1 second to allow the atria to finish contracting. before releasing the impulse to the bundle of His
  3. the bundle of His located in the septum of the heart, splits the impulse in two ready to be distributed through each separate ventricle
  4. the purkyne fibres distribute the impulse through the ventricle walls causing them to contract
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

atrial systole

A

the atria contract, forcing remaining blood into the ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

ventricular systole

A

the ventricles contract, increasing the pressure closing the AV valves to prevent backflow into the atria- SL valves are forced open as blood is ejected from the ventricles into the aorta and pulmonary artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

diastole

A

as the atria and then the ventricles relax, they expand drawing blood into the atria- pressure in the atria increase which opens the AV valves- blood passively enters the ventricles- SL valves are closed to prevent blood from leaving the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how is the conduction system linked to the cardiac cycle during atrial systole

A

the SA node fires the electrical impulse across the atria to the AV node which delays the impulse causing the atria to contract and as a result the AV valves are forced open and remaining blood is passed into the ventricles ensuring that the semi-lunar valves are shut

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how is the conduction system linked to the cardiac cycle during diastole

A

there is no electrical impulse and the cardiac muscles relax- SL valves close and the atria begin to fill with blood which opens the AV valves allowing the blood to enter the ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

how is the conduction system linked to the cardiac cycle during ventricular systole

A

the bundle of His splits and passes the impulse through two branches to the purkyne fibers in both ventricle walls- ventricular muscles contract which means that the AV valves are shut and blood is pushed into the arteries forcing SL valves open until ventricles finish contracting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is sub-maximal exercise

A

low-moderate intensity within a performers aerobic capacity or below the anaerobic threshold

19
Q

what is maximal exercise

A

high intensity above a performers aerobic capacity, which will take a performer to exhaustion- associated with anaerobic work and fatigue

20
Q

how does our heart rate respond to sustained sub-max intensity

A

-heart rate has an anticipatory rise before the run due to the release of adrenaline
-at the start the performers heart rate will have a steep rise but will then plateau when the intensity has become constant as oxygen supply meets the demand
-if the intensity of the work increases/decreases their heart rate will adjust accordingly
-at the start of recovery, there will be a rapid decrease in heart rate before it begins to gradually lower back to resting value

21
Q

how is the heart rates response different when performing maximal intensity work

A

-no steady state is reached as the supply of oxygen will never meet the demands of the performers muscles’
-recovery time takes longer for HR to return to its pre-exercise value due to the higher intensity

22
Q

how does our stroke volume respond to exercise

A

stroke volume increases in proportion to exercise intensity until a plateau is reached at a sub-maximal intensity due to:
-increased heart rate towards maximal intensities does not allow enough time for the ventricles to fill with blood completely when in the diastolic phase- limiting the Frank-Starling mechanism

23
Q

how is stroke volume able to increase

A
  1. increased venous return- volume of blood that returns to the heart. during exercise VR increases meaning that there is greater volume of blood returning to the heart and filling the ventricles
  2. frank-starling mechanism- shows us how SV is dependent on VR. an increased volume of blood returning to the heart leads to an increased end-diastolic volume in the ventricles and therefore greater stretch of the ventricular walls. this greater stretch increases the force of the ventricular contraction, ejecting a larger volume of blood from the ventricles.
24
Q

how does stroke volume respond during recovery

A

-SV remains elevated during recovery to maintain blood flow to the muscles in order to remove lactic acid and co2.
-it reduces to its pre-exercise value gradually
-a cool down helps to maintain SV

25
how do different exercise intensities effect cardiac output
-during sub-maximal, cardiac output increases because HR and SV are both increasing and HR X SV= Q -during maximal intensities, cardiac output plateaus because the HR continues to increase whilst SV decreases due to cardiovascular drift so cardiac output remains constant at its maximal value
26
what nervous system involuntarily regulates heart rate
autonomic nervous system -determines the firing rate of the SV node
27
what control centre receives information from the sensory nerves and sends direction through motor nerves to change HR
cardiac control centre
28
what is involved in neural control of the heart rate
1. chemoreceptors- located in the muscles, aorta and carotid arteries-inform the CCC of chemical changes in the bloodstream 2. proprioceptors- located in the muscles, joints and tendons- inform the CCC of motor activity 3. baroreceptors- located in the blood vessel walls- inform the CCC of increased blood pressure
29
what is involved in the intrinsic control of heart rate
1. temperature changes will affect the viscosity of the blood and speed of the nerve impulse transmission 2. venous return changes will affect the stretch in the ventricle walls, force of ventricular contraction and therefore stroke volume
30
what is involved in the hormonal control of heart rate
1. adrenaline and noradrenaline are released from the adrenal glands which increases the force of ventricular contractions (therefore SV) and increase the speed of electrical activity through the heart (therefore HR)
31
if an increase in heart rate is required which nervous system is actioned
sympathetic nervous system -releasing adrenaline, noradrenaline and sending stimulation to the SA node via the accelerator nerve to increase HR
32
if a decrease in heart rate is required which nervous system is actioned
parasympathetic nervous system -actioned to inhibit the effects of adrenaline, noradrenaline and the stimulation via the vagus nerve, lowering the heart rate
33
what is the function of plasma
-transport nutrients such as oxygen and glucose -protect and fight disease -maintain the internal stability of the body (homeostasis) and regulate temperature
34
how is oxygen transported in the blood
oxygen binds to haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin which is then transported in the plasma
35
characteristics of arteries
large layer of smooth muscle and elastic tissue to cushion and smooth the pulsating blood flow
36
characteristics of arterioles
large layer of smooth muscle allowing both vessels to vasodilate and vasoconstrict to regulate blood flow and control blood pressure also have a ring of smooth muscle surrounding the entry of the capillary bed called pre-capillary sphincters. these dilate and constrict to control the blood flow through the capillary bed
37
what is the role of capillaries
bring the blood slowly into close contact with muscle and organ cells for gaseous exchange
38
what are the characteristics of capillaries
capillary walls are composed of a single layer of cells, thin enough to allow gas, nutrient and waste exchange
39
what are the characteristics of veins and venules
BOTH- small layer of smooth muscle allowing them to venodilate and venoconstrict to maintain the slow flow of blood back to the heart VEINS- have one way pocket valves which prevent the backflow of blood as it travels against gravity
40
what is venous return
return of blood back to the heart through the venules and veins back to the right atrium largely against gravity
41
what are the mechanisms of venous return
1. pocket valves- prevent backflow of blood 2. smooth muscle- layer of smooth muscle in the vein wall venoconstricts which aids the movement of blood 3. gravity- blood from the upper body is helped to return by gravity 4. muscle pump- during exercise skeletal muscles contract compressing the veins located between them, squeezing the blood back to the heart 5. respiratory pump- during expiration and inspiration, a pressure difference between the thoracic and abdominal cavity is created, squeezing the blood back up to the heart. as exercise increases respiratory rate, the respiratory pump is maximised
42
what is the vascular shunt mechanism
the redistribution of blood flow from one area of the body to another
43
process of vascular shunting
pre-capillary sphincters at the entrance to the capillary bed can: -vasoconstrict which limits blood flow through the capillary bed -vasodilate which maximises blood flow through the capillary bed during exercise- arterioles and pre-capillary sphincters dilate, maximising blood flow, nutrient and gaseous exchange, while constricting to the organs
44
what controls the vascular shunt mechanism
vasomotor control centre - VCC receives info from chemoreceptors which detect chemical changes, baroreceptors regarding pressure changes on the atrial wall. - in receipt of sensory information sympathetic stimulation will either be increased or decreased to alter the level of vasoconstriction of arterioles and pre-capillary sphincters. - sympathetic stimulation increases to vasoconstrict arterioles and pre-capillary sphincters to limit blood flow to an area such as to the muscles at rest - sympathetic stimulation decreases to vasodilate the arterioles and pre-capillary sphincters to increase blood flow to an area such as the muscles during exercise

alevel PE (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions