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biomechanics Flashcards

1
Q

newtons first law

A

law of motion
-a body continues in a state of rest or uniform velocity unless acted upon by an external or unbalanced force

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2
Q

define inertia

A

the resistance of a body to change its state of motion whether at rest or while moving

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3
Q

newtons second law

A

law of acceleration
-a body’s rate of change in momentum is proportional to the size of the force applied and acts in the same direction as the force applied

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4
Q

newtons third law

A

law of motion
-for every action applied to a body there is an equal and opposite reaction force

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5
Q

define velocity

A

the rate of change in displacement (the shortest straight-line route between start and finish points)

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6
Q

formula to calculate velocity

A

velocity (m/s) = displacement/time taken

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7
Q

define momentum

A

the quantity of motion possessed by a moving body

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8
Q

formula to calculate momentum

A

momentum (kgm/s) = mass X velocity

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9
Q

define acceleration

A

rate of change in velocity

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10
Q

formula to calculate acceleration

A

acceleration (m/s/s) = (final velocity - initial velocity) / time taken

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11
Q

define force

A

a push or pull that alters the state of motion of a body

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12
Q

formula to calculate force

A

force (N)= mass X acceleration

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13
Q

balanced force

A

when two or more forces acting on a body are equal in size but opposite in direction e.g. a rugby scrum

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14
Q

unbalanced force

A

two or more forces are not equal in size- means a net force is present e.g. tennis serve

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15
Q

net force

A

overall force acting on a body when all forces are considered
e.g. football will remain still on the penalty spot due to it having zero net forces acting on it

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16
Q

external forces

A

originate from outside of the body- weight, reaction, friction and air resistance

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17
Q

internal forces

A

generated by the contraction of skeletal muscles

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18
Q

5 effects that forces can have

A

-can create motion e.g. football remains on penalty spot until a force is applied to make it move
-can accelerate a body e.g. greater force applied by footballers foot to ball. greater rate of acceleration towards goal
-decelerate a body e.g. ball moves through air, AR will act in an opposite direction and slow it down
-change the direction of a body e.g. as goalie dives to save a high corner shot he will apply a force from his hands to the ball changing its direction
-change shape of a body e.g. if goalie fails to make save, the force of the ball coming into contact with the net will force the net to change shape

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19
Q

2 vertical forces

A

weight and reaction

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20
Q

define weight

A

the gravitational pull that the earth exerts on a body and is measured in N
-weight always acts downwards from the centre of mass

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21
Q

formula to calculate weight

A

weight (N)= mass X acceleration

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22
Q

define reaction

A

the equal and opposite force exerted by a body in response to the action force placed upon it
-measured in N

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23
Q

2 horizontal forces

A

friction and air resistance

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24
Q

define friction

A

the force that opposes the motion of 2 surfaces in contact
-measured in N

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25
factors that affect friction
-roughness of the ground surface -roughness of the contact surface -temperature -size of normal reaction
26
define air resistance
force that opposes the motion of a body travelling through the air -measured in N
27
factors affecting air resistance
-velocity -shape - streamlining -frontal cross sectional area -smoothness of surface
28
limb kinematics
study of movement in relation to time and space -reflective markers are placed on the body's joints and bony landmarks -infrared cameras record, capture and convert the motion shown by the reflective markers -data transferred into digital format for analysis
29
ao3 on limb kinematics
+ data produced is immediate, objective and highly accurate + can be used by coaches to adjust technique and improve performance X technique is highly specialised, expensive and limited to lab conditions
30
force plates
measures all the applied forces of an individual when they stand, step or jump on the plate -from this data is collected and analysed into a computer as a way to maximise the performers acceleration -size of the force and the time the force is applied can be displayed in 2 planes of motion
31
ao3 on force plates
+ gives immediate, accurate and reliable results that bio mechanists can use to analyse performance and health X specialist, expensive and housed in lab conditions makes some techniques difficult to perform
32
wind tunnels
object or performer to be tested in placed in a chamber, a controlled flow of air is forced through and the airflow around the object is studied to measure its resistance
33
ao3 on wind tunnels
+ equipment and technique can be adapted to increase aerodynamic properties X very expensive and require complex analysis of results by research professionals
34
centre of mass
the point at which a body is balanced in all directions; the point from which weight appears to act -if an athlete raises their arms, their centre of mass will also raise
35
stability
the ability of a body to resist motion and remain at rest
36
factors affecting stability
-mass of the body, the greater the mass of the body, the greater the inertia and therefore the greater its stability -height of the centre of mass, lower the centre of mass, the greater the stability -base of support, the greater the size of the base of support, the greater the stability -the more central the line of gravity is to the base of the support, the greater the stability
37
functions of lever systems
-generate muscular effort to overcome a given load -increase the speed of a given moment
38
components of a lever system
-lever (bone) -fulcrum (joint) -effort (muscular force) -load (weight or resistance)
39
first class lever
effort, fulcrum, load e.g. extension of the neck when preparing to head a football
40
second class lever
effort, load, fulcrum e.g. ball of the foot in the take off phase of a high jump
41
third class lever
load, effort, fulcrum e.g. flexion of the elbow during a bicep curl
42
what lever class has a mechanical advantage
2nd class where the effort arm is greater than the load arm- large load can be moved with a relatively small effort
43
what lever class has a mechanical disadvantage
3rd class where the load arm is greater than the effort arm- large effort required to move a relatively small load
44
effort arm
the distance from the fulcrum to the effort
45
load arm
distance from the load to the fulcrum
46
linear motion
movement of a body in a straight or curved line, where all parts move the same distance, in the same direction, at the same time
47
direct force
a force applied through the centre of mass resulting in linear motion
48
distance
total length of the path covered from start to finish -measured in metres
49
displacement
the shortest straight-line route from start to finish -measured in metres
50
speed
rate of change in distance
51
formula to calculate speed
distance/time taken
52
acceleration
the rate of change in velocity
53
formula to calculate acceleration
acceleration (m/s/s) = (final velocity-initial velocity)/time taken
54
deceleration
occurs when the rate of change in velocity is negative or there is a decrease in velocity over time
55
angular motion
movement of a body or part of a body in a circular path about an axis of rotation -results from an eccentric force being applied to a body, where the force is applied outside the centre of the body's mass
56
longitudinal axis
runs from head to toe through the centre of mass e.g. spin in a discuss turn
57
transverse axis
runs from left to right through the centre of mass e.g. somersault in trampolining
58
frontal axis
runs from front to back through the centre of mass e.g. cartwheel in gymnastics
59
3 key descriptors important to angular motion
-angular velocity -moment of inertia -angular momentum
60
angular velocity
the rate of change in angular displacement -measured in radians/s -angular velocity = angular displacement/time taken
61
moment of inertia
the resistance of a body to change its state of angular motion or rotation -moment of inertia = sum of (mass X distribution of mass from the axis of rotation^2)
62
angular momentum
the quantity of angular motion possessed by a body -angular momentum = moment of inertia X angular velocity
63
2 factors that affect the moment of inertia
- mass, the greater the mass of a body, the greater the moment of inertia- the low mass decreases moment of inertia and the resistance to change state of rotation - distribution of mass from the axis of rotation- the further the mass moves from the axis of rotation, the greater the moment of inertia
64
air resistance
the force that opposes the direction of motion of a body through air
65
drag
the force that opposes the direction of motion of a body through water
66
4 factors that affect the magnitude of air resistance and drag on a body
-the greater the velocity, the greater the air resistance or drag- velocity cannot be reduced to minimise air resistance and drag -the larger the frontal cross-sectional area, the larger the air resistance or drag -the more streamlined or aerodynamic the shape of the body is in motion, the lower the air resistance or drag -surface characteristics- the smoother the surface, the lower the air resistance or drag
67
projectile motion
movement of a body through the air following a curved flight path under the force of gravity
68
projectile
a body that is launched into the air losing contact with the ground surface such as discuss or long jumper
69
3 release factors that affect the horizontal distance that a projectile will travel before landing
-the higher the release height from landing height the further the horizontal distance travelled -speed of release- how fast a body is travelling at the moment it becomes projectile -angle of release- the projection angle of the object measured between the horizontal and the direction of the projectile at release
70
once in flight there are two external forces acting on a projectile
-weight acts vertically downward from the centre of mass -air resistance acts in the opposite direction to the direction of motion, drawn from the centre of mass
71
parabolic flight path
a uniform curve that is symmetrical about its highest points
72
non parabolic flight path
a curve that isnt symmetrical about its highest points -occurs when the weight is small and the air resistance is large
73
aerofoil
streamlined structure with atleast one curved surface -can be symmetrical e.g. javelin -can be asymmetrical e.g. ski jumper
74
angle of attack
angle at which a projectile is tilted or presented in the air
75
Bernoulli's principle
-based on fast and slow pressure -pressure on one side of the object is greater than the other side -a lift force is created towards the area of lower pressure -an upwards lift force extends the flight -a downwards lift force pushes the object in the ground
76
eccentric force
a force outside the centre of mass of a body or an off centre force
77
4 types of spin
-top spin -back spin -hook -slice
78
top spin
when a ball is rotating around the transverse with the top spinning in the same direction as its motion e.g. top spin forehand in tennis
79
back spin
when a ball is rotating around the transverse axis with the top spinning in an opposite direction to it motion e.g. backhand chop in table tennis
80
hook
for a right-sided performer when the front of the ball spins to the left around its longitudinal axis e.g. golfer who hits the right side of the ball will initiate a hook
81
slice
for a right-sided performer when the front of the ball spins to the right around its longitudinal axis e.g. curled free kick in football using the outside of your right foot
82
magnus force
force created by a pressure differential on either side of a spinning projectile -force is exerted from higher to lower pressure

alevel PE (6 decks)

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